The Odyssey Study Guide

The Odyssey Study Guide The Odyssey is an epic sonnet ascribed to the antiquated Greek writer Homer. In all probability created in the late eighth century B.C.E., it is the second-most established known work in Western writing. (The most seasoned realized work is Homers Iliad, for which The Odyssey is viewed as a continuation.) The Odyssey previously showed up in English in the seventeenth century and has been interpreted in excess of multiple times. A considerable lot of the words and expressions utilized by Homer are available to a wide scope of understanding, causing not-irrelevant contrasts between interpretations. Quick Facts: The Odyssey Title: The OdysseyAuthor: HomerDate Published: Composed during the eighth century B.C.E.Type of Work: PoemGenre: Epic Original Language: Ancient GreekThemes: Spiritual development, shrewd versus quality, request versus disorderMajor Characters: Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus, Athena, Zeus, Poseidon, CalypsoNotable Adaptations: Ulysses by Lord Tennyson (1833), Ithaka by C.P. Cavafy (1911), Ulysses by James Joyce (1922) Plot Summary Toward the beginning of The Odyssey, the creator tends to the Muse, getting some information about Odysseus, the legend who invested more energy heading out back to his Greek home than some other Greek saint at the Trojan War. Odysseus has been kept hostage by the goddess Calypso. Different divine beings, aside from Poseidon (lord of the ocean) fell compassion toward Odysseus. Poseidon loathes him since he blinded his child, Polyphemus. The goddess Athena, Odysseus’ defender, persuades her dad, Zeus, that Odysseus needs help. She masks herself and goes to Greece to meet with Odysseus’ child, Telemachus. Telemachus is miserable in light of the fact that his house is plagued by admirers who need to wed his mom, Penelope, and assume control over Odysseus seat. With Athenas help, Telemachus embarks to look for his dad. He visits different veterans of the Trojan War, and one of his father’s old companions, Menelaus, reveals to him that Odysseus is being held by Calypso. Then, Calypso at long last discharges Odysseus. Odysseus sets out on a pontoon, yet the vessel is before long pulverized by Poseidon, who harbors resentment against Odysseus. Odysseus swims to a close by island where he is energetically welcomed by King Alcinous and Queen Arete of the Phaeacians. There, Odysseus describes the tale of his excursion. Odysseus clarifies that he and his buddies left Troy on twelve boats. They visited the island of the lotus-eaters and were caught by the cyclops Polyphemus, child of Poseidon. When making a getaway, Odysseus blinded Polyphemus, moving Poseidons rage therefore. Next, the men almost made it home, yet were brushed off kilter. They initially experienced a savage, and afterward the witch Circe, who transformed portion of Odysseus men into pigs however saved Odysseus because of the security gave to him by the thoughtful divine beings. Following one year, Odysseus and his men left Circe and arrived at the edge of the world, where Odysseus brought spirits for counsel and learned of the admirers living in his home. Odysseus and his men advanced past more dangers, including the Sirens, a many-headed ocean beast, and a colossal whirlpool. Hungry, they overlooked alerts and chased the sacrosanct steers of the god Helios; therefore, they were rebuffed with one more wreck, abandoning Odysseus on C alypso’s island. After Odysseus recounts to his story, the Phaeacians assist Odysseus with masking himself and travel home finally. After coming back to Ithaca, Odysseus meets his child Telemachus, and the two men concur that the admirers must be murdered. Odysseus spouse Penelope organizes a bows and arrows rivalry, which she has fixed to ensure Odysseus win. In the wake of winning the opposition, Odysseus butchers the admirers and uncovers his actual character, which Penelope acknowledges subsequent to getting him through one last preliminary. At long last, Athena spares Odysseus from the retaliation of the dead admirers families. Significant Characters Odysseus. Odysseus, a Greek warrior, is the hero of the sonnet. His excursion home to Ithaca after the Trojan War is the essential story of the sonnet. He is a to some degree non-customary saint, as he is known more for his astuteness and sly than his physical quality. Telemachus. Telemachus, the child of Odysseus, was a baby when his dad left Ithaca. In the sonnet, Telemachus goes on a journey to make sense of his dads whereabouts. He at last reunites with his dad and encourages him murder Penelopes admirers. Penelope. Penelope is the unwavering spouse of Odysseus and mother of Telemachus. Her astuteness rises to that of her better half. During Odysseus 20-year nonappearance, she devises various stunts to fight off the admirers who try to wed her and increase control over Ithaca. Poseidon. Poseidon is the lord of the ocean. He is irate with Odysseus for blinding his child, the cyclops Polyphemus, and makes different endeavors to impede Odysseus venture home. He can be viewed as Odysseus essential opponent. Athena. Athena is the goddess of crafty and keen fighting, just as the specialties (for example weaving). She favors Odysseus and his family, and she effectively helps Telemachus and prompts Penelope. Abstract Style As an epic sonnet written in the eighth century B.C.E., The Odyssey was in all likelihood proposed to be spoken, not read. It was made in an antiquated type of Greek known as Homeric Greek, a lovely tongue explicit to idyllic structures. The sonnet is created in dactylic hexameter (at times alluded to as epic meter). The Odyssey starts in media res, beginning in the activity and giving descriptive subtleties later. The non-straight plot jumps to and fro in time. The sonnet utilizes flashbacks and sonnets inside a-sonnet to fill in these holes. Another key component of the sonnets style is the utilization of designations: fixed expressions and descriptors that are frequently rehashed when a characters name is referenced for example splendid looked at Athena. These appellations serve to remind the peruser about the characters most significant fundamental qualities. The sonnet is likewise eminent for its sexual governmental issues in that the plot is driven as much by the choices made by ladies for what it's worth by male warriors. Truth be told, a large number of the men in the story, similar to Odysseus and his child Telemachus, are aloof and disappointed through a great part of the story. On the other hand, Penelope and Athena find a way to ensure Ithaca and help Odysseus and his family. About the Author There is some difference about Homer’s creation of The Odysseyï » ¿. Most old records allude to Homer as a visually impaired artist from Ionia, however todays researchers accept more than one artist dealt with what we know today as The Odyssey. For sure, there is proof that the last segment of the sonnet was included a lot later than the past books. Today, most researchers acknowledge that The Odyssey is the result of a few sources that were taken a shot at by a few unique benefactors. Sources â€Å"The Odyssey - Homer - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature.† Oedipus the King - Sophocles - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature, www.ancient-literature.com/greece_homer_odyssey.html.Mason, Wyatt. â€Å"The First Woman to Translate the Odyssey Into English.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Nov. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/magazine/the-principal lady to-make an interpretation of the-odyssey-into-english.html.Athens, AFP in. â€Å"Ancient Find May Be Earliest Extract of Epic Homer Poem Odyssey.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 10 July 2018, www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/10/most punctual concentrate of-homers-epic-sonnet odyssey-unearthed.Mackie, Chris. â€Å"Guide to the Classics: Homers Odyssey.† The Conversation, The Conversation, 15 July 2018, theconversation.com/manual for the-works of art homers-odyssey-82911.â€Å"Odyssey.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey#Structure.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 41

Contextual investigation - Essay Example For Virgin Company, the significant asset is Richard, its organizer. He depicts solid initiative which significant in growing new abilities for the organization. His lighthearted experience and pioneering aptitudes helped him in coming up and executing his new business thoughts. He is forceful pioneer and his commitment to business has brought about the foundation of other Virgin Companies, for example, Virgin Cola, Virgin Rail, and Virgin Record and Virgin Atlantics. His position of authority has empowered him to build up a solid corporate culture and furthermore advance the picture of the organization and the soul of enterprise. He has confidence in doing things any other way and in this way doesn't advocate for organization and consequently he has become progressively key and appealling pioneer and his business dream have been the power behind the achievement of the Virgin organizations (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2010:344). Virgin brand is additionally another significant connection (Enz, 2010:345). The names of the brands and the exchange marks goes about as notoriety resources. With the brand the gathering has had the option to make different organizations with comparable quality since the Virgin brand has ingrained trust in clients (Thorne and Pellant, 2007:234). The brand gives the firm, its upper hand in the market and in this way helps a great deal in protecting and drawing in another piece of the overall industry for the organization. The organizations have additionally got enough ventures and working capital. Richard Branson guarantees that all the organizations are very much financed and the returns from one organization might be utilized to put resources into another organization. This was the situation in 1992 when a Virgin record was offered to EMI and the assets acknowledged was utilized in Virgin Atlantic. This assists with guaranteeing that all the organizations are running and consequently offering the best open doors for development (Plunkett, 2009b:34) Virgin Companies in its development procedure have enhanced into a few business

Truly Understanding Perfect Competition

Truly Understanding Perfect Competition WHAT IS THE PERFECT COMPETITION?If you live in a democracy, you’re witness to ‘free market’ and the ideal perfect competition, which honestly, seldom exists.Yet, economists vouch for it, and you get to read about it on your Economics Majors or even when you’re doing your MBA.We have all heard the words “Perfect Competition” at some point in our lives; be it at an Economics class, the news or your intellectual sibling showing off at the dinner table.We’ve all heard it, but what exactly does it mean and does something like this exist in our current world?Technically, no.Perfect Competition is a scenario used by the economists and businessmen of the world to illustrate a certain situation, learn about its characteristics and gain insights, which can, in turn, be used in the real world.The assumptions used in this scenario are very strong, and the chances of it happening in the real world are next to nothing.A perfectly competitive market means exactly what it says.Think of it as an opposite of a monopoly, which is where one single business owns all the market share and controls that market for both the consumers and other businesses.The competition level between the businesses in this market is at the highest possible level and individual businesses are not able to do anything more to improve their level over any of the others.Therefore, there is not just a single business in control but rather every one of them available in the market will be equal.You need a leader who makes the right decision, every time. We all know that it cannot happen.Here is the graph of what a perfectly competitive firm would look like. Source:  https://saylordotorg.github.io/According to strategists and economists, these types of markets will be the most beneficial to both consumers and society in general.So what makes a market perfectly competitive?Let’s break it down below.CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFECT COMPETITIONThere are several assumptions that are made when this scenario is taken into account.These assumptions are what make a market perfectly competitive, and as you will see, most of them are almost impossible to achieve in the real world.Perfect KnowledgeImagine a world where every business knows everything about the running of another business.We’re talking about production costs, supplier prices, component prices, and even advertising costs and data.There is no hiding of any information from your supplier, and thus there is no stopping all the businesses using all this data to find the cheapest source for all services and ending up using them themselves.This would mean that every competitor in that market will have the same costs, the same data and the same strategies totalling from the past, the present and the future.If you take todays markets in comparison, we can see that a lot of businesses can go out of business if we had perfect knowledge.For certain companies, if the supplier prices or the sources where they get their parts from are let out, there will be no stopping their competitors from using the same information which will make their business irrelevant to the consumers.An example of this could be Samsung with its front screen glass displays.Even Apple uses Samsung’s technology to create their screens for the XS Model and will continue to use it in the future because of its superiority to their own.However, if this information was to be publicly known, Apple would not need Samsung for this process and will start to produce their own which reduces Samsung’s brand value significantly, and Samsung will face a reduction in sales and competency.Another example would be fo r companies that are centred on their research and patents.These allow the business to be different from others and helps protect them from competitors looking to steal their ideas.But in a perfect market, these patents will not exist and any intensive research done will not be exclusive and so the whole foundation of these types of businesses will not exist, and they will not last long in the face of their competitors.Perfect knowledge in this scenario is available to all market participants which includes the consumers as well, which means that all consumers interacting in that market will have all the information as well and will know everything about each business.Homogenous ProductsWhen I first came across this word, I remember someone asking our teacher if it had something to do with evolution, like an evolutionary product.Coming from an English school, I had never seen a teacher look more mortified at our lack of knowledge with the English vocabulary. We were a year away from our Advanced Level.All joking aside, what a homogenous product means is that there is a perfect substitute for every product.This means that all businesses will create the same product, with the same features and without branding.Therefore, any product can be easily replaced by the product from another company as they will essentially be the same thing.For example, take Coca-Cola.In a perfect market there will assumedly be no other competitors like Pepsi or the other copycats that are available in today’s market, but rather there would be just one product called “Cola” which will be produced by all the businesses in this industry and there would be no other variation.As we spoke about before, there is perfect knowledge, so Coca-Cola’s infamous recipe which no other business knows will be public knowledge and thus everyone will start to follow the same methods.In a scenario like this, consumers will benefit in the form of low prices as the products are all the same and so su ppliers cannot charge a higher price for different variations and because there is perfect competition, the prices will be as low as possible so as to not lose to the other competitors.However, this will also mean that the different choices that we have in the real world will not exist and consumers are forced to buy only that one particular type of product.It is also assumed that every unit of input is homogenous and that every business has access to all factors of production.This means that every cost/input that goes into making a product such as labor costs or electricity costs will be the same for all businesses, and all the raw materials and other FOP (Factors of Production) that are needed are immediately available to any business in the market.Again, this is a major assumption as this will be impossible in the real world due to the scarcity of FOP as there are not enough resources in the world to satisfy everyone’s needs.No Barriers to Entry or ExitBarriers here refers to t he problems, rules, costs, and laws that a business will face when they attempt to enter into or exit from a market.Certain markets can be very easy to enter into but may be hard to leave and the opposite can be true as well.Barriers to entry will include set-up costs (could be expensive for technology firms, or require large amounts of capital, for instance), government laws, scarce funding methods and price cutting from competitors.Usually, if a big contender in a particular market sees that more businesses are trying to set up in the same market, they will tend to use their power to stop them from entering or drive them out before they have a chance to set up properly.They do this by undercutting their prices (selling below costs which may be impossible for a smaller business which is just starting out to do) and intensive marketing.Barriers to exit can include highly specialized assets which are really difficult to sell off or high exiting costs such as closure costs and writing off assets.Governments play a big role in the current market by establishing certain regulations and price controls in order to be able to control the entry and exit of businesses into a specific market.These rules will differ from each market, and thus certain markets will have a really high barrier to entry compared to others such as those that affect the health of consumers directly.A company which produces pharmaceutical products will have to go through a lot more processes which will lead to higher costs and so will require a high starting capital. In a perfectly competitive market, however, these government regulations do not exist, and so all the barriers are removed.It’s assumed that any business can easily enter or leave a market without any problems from the government or other suppliers and also certain markets that used to have high costs can enjoy lower rates now as they are free to plan their costs accordingly and not stick to government controls.A Large Number of B uyers and SellersIn a perfect market, there are no barriers to entry.Thus, nothing is stopping any business from entering into a market.In today’s world, there are many market places, but not all of them have a large number of buyers and sellers.It all depends on the prices of the commodity and the use or value of it.Certain markets may have a lot of sellers but not enough buyers to purchase all these products and vice versa.The reasons as to why there are so many discrepancies are scarcity, lack of information and pricing.In a perfect market, all of those characteristics are assumed to be equal, and thus it is assumed that all the markets will have a lot of buyers and sellers who work within that market.Firms are Price TakersThink about the products that we have in today’s market.There are so many different variations to a particular type of product, and they all have different prices that vary due to certain functions, brands, value, or even technicality.There are a lot of rea sons as to why a business will charge different prices for a product.Now, we can even see a large difference in prices of a similar product from which one is from a branded and known name whereas the other is a substitute many people haven’t heard of.So, we can say that prices are not derived solely from the supply and demand levels of the market but that individual businesses are price-makers and they have the power to change their prices in accordance to their market share, competency level, and brand name and so on.Each business can price their products differently and still be able to do sales.In a perfectly competitive market, businesses become price-takers. In this market, competitiveness between businesses is so high that even a small change in the price above that of the competitors would mean that the business would lose all its sales to its competitors.Since there are so many substitutes and businesses that are of the same value and have the same features, and since cons umers also have perfect knowledge on the market, this small change in price will make the consumers just shift to another business as their price would be comparatively lower.In this market, the price is determined by the demand and supply levels. No individual business can influence how the pricing goes no matter how much of market share they own.Trying to undercut the price and go below that of their competitors has no value as they could easily sell at the given market price and make more profits.Since there are so many sellers (competitors) in the market, one individual business making changes to the prices will not affect the market as it will be a very insignificant change overall.It will account for only a very small percentage in the whole market and will not affect the total quantity supplied and price points in the market.This is great for the consumers as they will enjoy nominal value for their purchases of any product.OBJECTIVE, EXTERNALITIES, AND PROFITSIn a perfect mar ket, certain objectives are assumed for both consumers and suppliers due to their being perfect knowledge.This knowledge is supposed to allow both these groups to form rational decisions and so work for their own self-interest separately.Thus, consumers are assumed to be always looking to maximize how much utility they get and suppliers are assumed always to be maximizing profits.The same can be said to a majority of how things are run in the real world, but as of late, there are a lot of businesses which focus on social service and not profit.There are even consumers who don’t buy all their products for their usefulness but also their story and brand.Externalities refer to all the third-party influences that are involved in the transactions.This will include negative externalities (Pollution to the surrounding environment) and positive externalities (Education Received).A perfectly competitive market assumes that these externalities do not exist.These are forces that are not alwa ys within the businesses control and every business will face these externalities as they are naturally occurring in society, which is why it cannot be applied to real-world contexts.Finally, the last assumption that is made for a perfectly competitive market is that the businesses can only make super profits in the short-run. In the long-run, all of their profits will fall to a more normal level.How this works is that when a market becomes perfectly competitive, in the beginning, there will only be a few businesses operating in a particular market.This market will face all the changes that come with being perfectly competitive and so the businesses that already exist will start to make abnormal profits during this period.However, due to there being low barriers to entry, other businesses will see the abnormal profits being made in the market and so will flock there. In the long-term, this will increase the supply in the market which will inevitably lead to a fall in price and thus a fall in profits.A Look at Perfect Competition in the Ecommerce IndustryToday, online shopping is a popular method which customers prefer for a number of reasons.Different ecommerce companies have started offering all kinds of goods and products which can be bought directly from the website.The retail ecommerce sales in 2017 across the world reached $2.3 trillion and are expected to grow to $4.88 trillion in 2021.Many companies operating physical stores have moved to the e-commerce industry to gain a share of the market and increase their profitability.Online shopping is a common behavior in almost all countries in the world due to advance in technology, mobile devices and high-speed internet.Here is a video that shows perfect competition in the online industry. The eBay Company ProfileeBay was established in 1995 as an online platform that connected buyers and sellers across the world. The multinational platform enables sellers to offer their inventory while buyers can find a plac e to purchase them.The company does not own its inventory, and the sellers are responsible for shipping the products. eBay charges a small commission on the sale price of an item from the buyers.eBay own country-specific websites for different countries including USA, UK, Canada, China, Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Singapore, Norway and Vietnam.The company earned net revenue of $9.7 billion in 2017 increasing from $8.99 billion in 2016.Competitive Strategy of eBayeBay employs a cost leadership strategy to gain a competitive advantage in the market.The company relies on cost minimization to remain competitive in the market offering goods at lower prices or high-profit margins.Cost leadership model enables a firm to enjoy a competitive advantage by becoming a low-cost producer in the industry.The firm should be able to explore all avenues of the cost advantage to remain profitable in the market.eBay has brought changes to its fee and charges to enable the sellers to offer goods at lower prices.In the early days of operation, eBay used to charge users an insertion fee based on the item price in an auction. It would also charge a final fee when the item had been sold.However, eBay has removed the insertion fee for the sellers though it continues to charge the final fee.The company has also provided each seller on the platform with 20 free listings which the sellers can use without any charge.They have also adjusted the final fee and reduced it to 10% of the sale price of the item.eBay has also brought affordable packages for the power sellers who can get 150 to 2,500 free listings and charge them a lower final value fee compared to other sellers.eBay also takes help of technology to minimize the price of goods.The technology is used to cut back fixed and variable costs in their global e-commerce operations and increase the efficiency of the selling process.The company does not own any inventory and logistics operations which is another reason it can offer goods at lower prices. eBay also takes help of its marketing mix to develop attractive pricing policies for sellers and buyers who use the online auction and retail platform.The company makes use of strategic objectives, comprehensive growth strategies and management practices that lower the operating cost and the overall cost of various processes.The company also follows the strategic objective of using advanced technology to exploit economies of scale. It also employs tactics to increase the number of users so that it can continue to sell goods at lower prices.A high number of users enable eBay to distribute their fixed costs so that they can earn higher profits by lowering the price of goods.eBay has also used the market adaptation strategy to gain a competitive advantage over other online portals.It started as an auction platform selling products only through bidding. Users who had placed the highest bids would be able to buy the item from the seller.However, graduall y eBay understood the importance of retail sales and pioneered the fixed price strategy with their Buy it now option.Buyers could get past the bidding process and buy items at a fixed price from the sellers.Currently, it offers both fixed price and auction listings to get a significant market share and enjoy a competitive advantage.eBay has used the cost leadership strategy with market adaptation to become one of the top e-commerce platforms in the world.RECOMMENDATIONSeBay faces stiff competition from other e-commerce companies around the world. It has become the second largest marketplace with Amazon leading the ranks.Amazon needs to work on its seller service and customer service which has been facing issues on many grounds.Many times dishonest customers have cheated eBay into giving them refunds by claiming a return. The buyers ordered items and returned fake or damaged items claiming refunds.eBay went ahead and issued the refunds sometimes subtracting the money from seller acco unts. eBay has been losing on sellers who are attracted to other platforms with large customer base such as Amazon.eBay has to work on a more intuitive system to address the problems of the sellers. It needs to bring innovation into its operations to gain the ground it has lost to other e-commerce companies.The company should invest in research and development to deliver innovation with new technologies to disrupt the industry. It should work on technologies so that online transactions are conducted securely.eBay should analyze its value chain and network to reposition itself in the market. The analysis will help the firm to identify the actions that will enhance its strategic capabilities to generate more profit.eBay can also create value by forming an alliance strategy with different partners so that it can come out with advertisements which will bring a competitive advantage.The firm should try to determine what the customers want to buy and how to attract their attention.It is c rucial as there are many e-commerce platforms to opt for.The company also needs to work on its logistics so that it can deliver goods to its customer at different locations.eBay should also look to expand to international markets so that it could raise its revenue and attract more sellers.ADVANTAGES OF PERFECT COMPETITIONBusinesses will operate at their highest efficiency due to the availability of costs of production and how low these prices are. High competitiveness will force all the businesses to work extra hard to match the quality of the products in the market.Consumers will enjoy lower prices as all the businesses will be offering their products at the most nominal rates.A business does not have to spend on extra things like advertising or branding as there is no need to and so can save extraThere is no danger of a monopoly forming as there are no barriers to entry.Economic welfare will prosper due to the low price and high-qualityDISADVANTAGES OF PERFECT COMPETITIONLack of i nnovation when it comes to the production of goods. Since there is no reason to create new products in a perfect market, businesses will not put resources into.This kind of market may create a monopsony for the consumers as they have the highest buying power against the suppliers and so they can demand whatever they want.  There are no economies of scale for businesses. Since there is only so much profit that an individual business can make in this market, they can only remain a certain small size as they won’t have the funds to increase their production capabilities. And so, even in the long run, these businesses will not be able to lower costs or increase profit margins.Now that we understand exactly what perfect competition means, we can see that it is not practical to think of it as a real-world situation.This scenario is shown to give an example as to how a market will act under certain conditions.This data is then matched against studies of the real world and is used to find a way to improve the current market process.

Should Murders Be Executed - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 249 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Capital punishment is often the subject of controversy and it is certainly a tough topic. I oppose the death penalty in general, but i dont think personally that people who support death penalty are totally wrong because we have to consider first the background culture from where were originally. The European countries for example, have recognised the human rights in 2000 and the majority of European people thought that death penalty is wrong. In my case i been also influenced by religion matters, but as i said i oppose the death penalty and i’d rather not live in a country where the government feels empowered to kill people. In my opinion, the death penalty is about serving justice and not about deterrence, it is not about saving future lives. Lets take the USA for example, is not been demonstrated that the death penalty has stopped murders, and like USA so the others countries like China and Iran have still highs numbers of murdering. Another reason to oppose t he death penalty is because it is not an equal instrument of judgement. In short, if you are wealthy you will not get the death penalty, but if you are poor (and often, a minority), your chances are much higher. I can finally say that murders should not be executed because i think that death penalty does not deter criminals more than life imprisonment, and it just encourages a culture of violence in our society, life must be respected in any case. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should Murders Be Executed?" essay for you Create order

Bus308 Statistics for Managers - Final Paper - 1062 Words

Gas Prices Nathaniel Peters BUS 308: Statistics for Managers Instructor: Ali Choudhry August 8, 2011 Gas Prices Delivery service is a way of life. Each day, people get packages sent to them by way of this service. But few people think of the costs the delivery company has to deal with. One of the main operating costs that we as a delivery company have is gasoline. We use gasoline daily in massive quantities. The cost of gas affects American’s daily, and people can be heard complaining about the high prices. What about delivery companies? In this paper, we will be discussing the effect of rising gas prices on our company throughout the next ten years. Gas prices change daily, and throughout the year it is amazing to look at the†¦show more content†¦In 2010, the average gas price was about 2.8, which is just a little bit below the linear regression line. Some years it is higher than the line and some lower. But the line is the middle showing where the prices should be. Residuals occur when what the price should be isn’t exactly what it should be. We will have re siduals throughout the years, but we can make assumptions on what we as a company will have to pay in gasoline by looking at the linear regression line. With this information, we can guesstimate what the cost of gasoline will be in 2015, 2020, or even 2050. I believe that we can accurately predict gas prices based on the values given. It is important to remember, however, that these are simply predictions and not fact. We must be prepared for extenuating circumstances that would significantly alter the gasoline prices. Anything that would cause us to lose an oil supply would affect the supply and demand ratio, thereby causing the prices to increase, as the supply cannot fill the demand. Alternately if we were to acquire additional oil supplies we would increase the supply while the demand would stay the same, thereby decreasing prices. Delivery service is an important business, and could not be done without gasoline to put in the trucks that deliver the merchandise. It is important as we plan for the future that we are aware of our most basic and costly operating expense. We must be prepared, that we will be able to budget effectively. When doing our

Alcohol Impact on the Fetal Development Free Essays

Alcohol Impact on the Fetal Development Every year, in the United States of America, between 1000 to 6000 children are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), that is considered a huge number. (â€Å"Drinking alcohol during pregnancy,† 2008). Pregnancy is a very crucial time for the fetus. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Impact on the Fetal Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women need to take care of the fetus by resting, eating a balanced and diet nutritious and performing some physical exercise. In the world, there are many things that can impact the fetus that women are not aware of and mothers should be cautious. Alcohol is one of them, expectant mothers should not drink alcohol during pregnancy. The purpose of this research is to explain and discuss the deleterious effects of alcohol on the fetal development during pregnancy. When, Where, How They Discover that Alcohol Has Effect on the Fetus In 1968, a man from France recognized that drinking alcohol during pregnancy may cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), name was Lemoin. In 1973 in the United States of America, James and Smith continued the research about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS. They mentioned that (FAS) affect the fetus growth and cause bad result to the fetus before and after being born (Caleekal, 1989). The scientist discovered Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in some children whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy before 30 years. At that time, they created FAS about alcohol’s effects on the fetus. (NIAAA, 2000). Fortunately, these days with advances in medicine, scientists discover many things having an effect on the fetal development. Many women feel that drinking alcohol during pregnancy is not a big deal. But, depending on some research, it is not only a big deal but a serious problem that will affect the fetus and will cause FAS to be in fetus. Diseases and Disorders of Drinking Alcohol During Pregnancy The Fetus’s food come from what the mother consumed either bad or good. Women should not drink any types of alcohol during pregnancy or when they are planning to become pregnant because the women might be pregnant and they do not recognize that for a few days. This situation is happening in the United States of America every year to many women. Approximately 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy might cause FAS. Women can protect their children from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) completely by stopping alcohol use during pregnancy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010). FAS causes many serious problems and diseases in the fetus such as mental retardation, problems on the heart, weak growth of the fetus, difficulties of understanding and problems in the brain. The mothers should never drink alcohol during their pregnancies, at least the three months of first trimester because these are a dangerous and sensitive time for the fetus. However, not all the children whose mothers consume alcohol will develop birth defects. Sometimes, it affects their behavior and their lives will be difficult for them. Other effects of FAS are Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBDs) and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARNDs). ARBDs are the physical problems in the fetus such as heart disease, eyes diseases or organs problems. ARNDs are the learning problems and difficulties in the fetus such as difficulties of understanding or short memory. There is no medicine or treatment for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (â€Å"Drinking alcohol during pregnancy,† 2008). Some researchers discovered that drinking alcohol during pregnancy might cause abortion or premature birth the fetus before the specific time and sometimes kill the fetus. The probability of causing diseases depends on the amount of drinking (â€Å"Drinking alcohol during pregnancy,† 2008). According to Henry and Lyn (1984), consuming alcohol during pregnancy may lead to prematurity. They observed drinking more than seven drinks a week during pregnancy may cause preterm delivery. Also, alcohol abuse during pregnancy is associated with decreased birth weight and neurological effects on newborns. How to cite Alcohol Impact on the Fetal Development, Essay examples

Treatment Programs for Juvenile Offenders

Introduction Juvenile offenders require a special treatment in order to make them avoid repeating offensive behavior because juvenile crimes have been rated high among the major determinants of the crime rates in society. Unfortunately, most of the people do not directly attribute crimes to children. They assume that children cannot be involved in criminal activities due to their innocence.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treatment Programs for Juvenile Offenders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, researches by juvenile offenders researchers like Schemalleger (2008, p 542) have indicated that 10% of 99,794 juvenile arrests that were made in United States in 2008 were of children aged 12 and below. It is also heart wrenching to realize that 17% of all police arrests made every year comprise juvenile offenders. This finding is very alarming. Therefore, it calls for various stakeholders in juvenile t reatment programs to be zealous since children only comprise 26% of the United States’ population. The figure indicates that adolescents are capable of committing crimes unless they are tamed at an early age. Since most of the juvenile offenders are adolescents, various stakeholders can correct this behavior through proper treatment, which is of paramount importance to focus on especially the roles that various stakeholders in the treatment programs play. When the stakeholders strengthen the output of their particular roles in treatment of juvenile offenders, the effort will eventually reduce the rate of crimes in the future by having every stakeholder in various treatment programs understand his or her roles and the impact of their role on its success. Although correctional institutions and various governments have always centered their efforts on the use of scare straight programs when dealing with juvenile offenders, it has been widely discredited due to its lack of effici ency and effectiveness. Various non-confrontational methods have been shown to perform better than scare-straight programs. Such non-confrontational juvenile treatment methods include discussions and positive reinforcement, educational programs, family programs, re-entry programs, youth recreation programs, and community-based programs. In all the programs, various stakeholders are involved. The effectiveness of such programs therefore largely depends on the contribution of the key stakeholders.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, since the increasing rates of juvenile crimes forced various stakeholders such as parents, the youths themselves, and various administrators such as lawyers and police to develop juvenile treatment programs, the stakeholders become integral in implementation. The paper endeavors to discuss the impact of various stakeholders in treatment progr ams for juvenile offenders. Role of the youth in the juvenile treatment programs Youths have a role to appreciate juvenile programs and their objectives. Youths who participate in the juvenile treatment programs are the major stakeholders. In fact, the whole program is designed to change them from delinquents to law-abiding citizens in their states. Schemalleger (2008, p.546) asserts that the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 was meant to make the court focus on children’s interest in case of a crime rather than on their criminal acts thus indicating that all juvenile treatment programs are designed for the good of the youth involved in the crime. In fact, in the Illinois court judges were barred by law from referring to juvenile offenders as criminals instead of delinquents. All delinquents should therefore play their rightful roles in the implementation of juvenile treatment programs since it is geared towards their well-being. The youths who have been involved in the cri me have to accept the circumstances under which they been associated with criminal activities. Acceptance of one’s situation is a great role that can enhance the success of the treatment program. The youth must appreciate that all other stakeholders in the juvenile treatment program are focused towards his or her success in the future. The other role that the youth involved in the juvenile treatment program should play is that of feeling guilty of the committed offence, which marks the beginning of the healing and the change program. For the delinquent to reform from their criminal acts, they must begin by accepting that what they did is wrong and is punishable in the society. In fact, according to Schemalleger (2011, p. 547), when the delinquents are pampered, they continue with criminal activities even when they have been tried in courts of law thus making young criminals not to be remorseful about their evil acts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sampl e on Treatment Programs for Juvenile Offenders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The assumption that, when children commit a criminal act, they do so unwillingly and that they should not be regarded as criminals is misleading. As Dammer and Albanese (2011, p. 264) argue, due to the assumption of guilt, the Juvenile Court Act of 1938 flopped. From this Act, the court was to assume that it was the ultimate parent to all juvenile offenders to compel the state to use non-punitive measures in handling delinquents. Moreover, juvenile offenders could not be taken through the formal judicial procedures in prosecuting crime acts. Consequently, by 1980 the rate of juvenile crimes worsened (Dammer Albanese, 2011, p. 264). Juvenile offenders should therefore be remorseful of their criminal acts. Youths should focus on the actual criminal acts that they committed. The strategy will deter them from committing such crimes again since it harms other people. Juvenile offenders should be made to understand the repercussions of their criminal acts on the victim and the society. For instance, if they injured another person, they should be made to understand the pain, the financial impact, and anger on the side of the victim. They will hence regret committing such crimes again. The treatment will also make them not to participate in any crimes for the second time. Klenowski, Bell, and Dodson (2010, p.256) are for the opinion that, when juvenile offenders are made to apologize their acts at a young age, their willingness to repeat the behavior is deterred. Therefore, all juvenile offenders should feel guilty and sorry for their evil deeds. They will then appreciate changing their attitude towards themselves hence making juvenile treatment program a success. The youths also have a role to show commitment to the program. According to Gottfred and Barton (1993, p.2), youths who spent enough time in the juvenile treatment program are les s likely to repeat the criminal act. This inference is attributed to the fact that youths who are not committed to the treatment program do not have enough time under their supervisors. Lack of commitment also denies them a chance to access all services that the program is designed to offer. Barton and Butts advocate for juvenile treatment programs to be done in an institution (1990). In an institution, the youth is able to access the supervisors, teachers, and other stakeholders in the program.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also true that juvenile offenders who commit themselves to learn in the correctional institutions are not likely to repeat their behavior. Consequently, juveniles who remain in their community should plan to commit themselves to the treatment programs up to the end because the more the contact hours that the delinquent has with the supervisor and the counselors, the more he or she is likely to be stable in avoiding criminal activities in the future. Such educational programs make them knowledgeable. The youths gain more insights on crime and the consequences of criminal acts. The youths have the responsibility to change. Delinquent behavior is classified as criminal since a crime is a crime whether committed by a child or an adult. Juvenile offenders should therefore appreciate that other stakeholders in the treatment program work for their well-being. However, none of the other stakeholders in the treatment programs can change. Youths ought to change themselves for better. Th e society and experts today are advocating for non-confrontational methods of juvenile treatment. Youths must appreciate that they must not be confronted for them to change. They must also understand that they do not have to be beaten for them to change their behavior. In fact, they should appreciate that someone is concerned about their future. According to Klenowski, Bell, and Dodson (2010, p.255), confrontational methods do not succeed in deterring crime. This argument indicates that, when the youth see other stakeholders in the implementation of juvenile treatment program, they should be ready to change. The idea of having the youth commit themselves to change is paramount in juvenile treatment. According to Sells, Sullivan, and Devore ( 2012, p.40), researches following the life of a juvenile offender after life in prison indicate that the rate of committing another crime is 60% and 33% in being arrested for the second time. Parents and the Community Parents comprise other stak eholders in the treatment of juvenile offenders. Parents play the role of offering moral support to juvenile offenders. Therefore, parents have a role to play in ensuring the success of treatment of juvenile offender programs. According to Lipsey (1992), there are more cutbacks in the level of recidivism when the community offers juvenile treatment indicating that parents who constitute the building blocks of the community have a big role to play for the success of juvenile treatment programs. In fact, when the community supports juvenile offenders in their process of change, the delinquents can appreciate the change programs. Juvenile offenders also feel cared for when the society shows concern about what they go through. Therefore, parents should support their children in the juvenile treatment programs. They should encourage the delinquents not to repeat their past offences. Fagan, Forst, and Vivona (1998, p.233) assert that, when a group of delinquents receives extra after-treat ment care and supervision, it does not show any significant reduction levels in recidivism. Therefore, when parents and the society chip in with an aim of helping juveniles to recover, they cannot affect them negatively. The second role that parents and community should play in juvenile treatment programs is to enhance surveillance. Parents and the community should assist program administrators by ensuring that they monitor the delinquents closely. The community should also ensure that the delinquents’ whereabouts and character is closely monitored in a bid to prevent them from committing crimes again. Parents should also monitor their children to ensure that they undergo the whole process of juvenile program treatment. They have a role to play in enhancing success of the juvenile treatment programs. Although parents and community may not be trained on juvenile treatment, they are not likely to affect the program negatively (Fagan, Forst, Vivona, 1988 p.234). In fact, for th e success of juvenile treatment programs, stakeholders should focus their efforts on restraining the offenders. This strategy is likely to yield better results than the enhancement of services that were done through the scare-straight programs, which failed later. Parents should have control over what their children do. They should also know whether the programs chosen for rehabilitation of their children are good or not. They should ensure that their children have enough contact with program supervisors besides ensuring that there is an electronic surveillance on their children. This strategy will ensure that parents and society are sure about the actions of their children. Greenwood et al. (1993) argue that, when there is little or no family support on the delinquents who undergo juvenile treatment program, the success of the program may not be realized. When a child learns that his or her family is opposed to a certain kind of acts especially criminal acts, the child feels unmoti vated to repeat them. In fact, children are likely to repeat an action when there is enough reinforcement. When parents like a certain behavior and or reinforce it through motivation, the child is likely to repeat the behavior. Parents should also play the role of corroboration. From the studies carried out by Gottfred and Barton, it is easy to realize that positive reinforcement through reward motivates the youth to change their behavior meaning that parents should ensure that they reinforce any positive behavior realized from a delinquent child. This technique will encourage the child to repeat the behavior hence terminating the negative one. By applying the strategy, parents can slowly integrate their children into the normal functions of the society. According to Mulvey (2011, p.2), open programs provide an opportunity for juvenile offenders to work, join school activities, and do other productive activities in the society therefore reducing the level of crime in the society. Wh en children realize that they are equated to other members of the family and the society, they feel ready to become responsible.   Consequently, if the parents of a delinquent child are responsible enough to reinforce good behavior and to discourage negative behavior, it becomes easier to make juvenile treatment programs a success. Mathur and Scoenfeld (2010) point out that uneducated parents and neighbors (community) raise most of the delinquent children. This argument means that, if the community has a high level of illiteracy, the rate of delinquent behavior may be very high. In addition, if the parents of a certain child with high predisposition to crime are uneducated, they may not be able to reinforce positive behavior if the child becomes delinquent. This lack of positive reinforcement of good behavior makes most of the delinquents repeat a certain negative behavior. This case can also be attributed to the repeated crime behavior and increased rates of second crime arrest t o juvenile offenders. Muthur and Scoenfeld (2010, p.20) also argue that lack of positive reinforcement from parents predispose the juvenile offender to poor academic and life attitude meaning that, just as other children, delinquents are dependent on their parents for support and reinforcement of character. Therefore, parents have to play their rightful role in ensuring that their children do not become delinquent and that those that are already delinquent leave the habit for good. Parents have a role to appreciate the implementation of open treatment programs on their delinquent children because, if the parent differs with other stakeholders in the implementation of the juvenile treatment program, it becomes very difficult to implement the program. According to researches conducted by Harris, Lockwood, and Mangers (2001, p.1), there were 65000 juvenile offenders in police cells in the United States in the year 2003 because of the court order sanctions. This finding was a sharp rise stemming back to 1991. This evidence is enough that the Scare straight programs are not effective and hence the need to support the open programs for their children. In open programs, parents are not separated from their children meaning that a mother can discuss with her child about the cause of a certain behavior. Hence, they have a chance to participate in the change process. Parents appreciate having an impact on the character of their children. In the same vein, parents will appreciate a program that moulds their lost children into becoming honorable people in the society. Therefore, it is important for parents to reinforce the implementation of open juvenile treatment programs on their children. It is also factual that one of the factors that led to the failure of the scare-straight programs was the method of implementation, which calls for the parents to ensure that the juvenile program that is put forward for their children is well implemented and controlled for positive re sults. Parents should also play the role of supervising the juvenile treatment programs in addition to the people who implement such programs on their children because, in some juvenile treatment programs like such as scare-straight programs, children were exposed to criminals in maximum prison in a bid to scare them from becoming criminals. However, this strategy ended up making the criminals the role models to these children hence enhancing their predisposition to crime. According to Klenowski, Bell, and Dodson (2010, p.255), exposing juvenile offenders to hardened criminals portrays the inmates as good role models for the juveniles to emulate because the scare-straight treatment programs aimed at having the hardened criminals narrate their atrocities to the juveniles in order to scare them. To affirm the argument, Sells, Sullivan, and Devore (2012, p.40) portray how crime committed for the second time by juvenile offenders increased in the United States with the rate of second ar rests doubling to indicate that the use of some juvenile treatment programs may in fact reinforce criminal behaviors rather than discouraging it. It is therefore important that every parent of a delinquent monitor and understand the program that is being applied for their sons or daughters. The Program Administrators Program administrators include supervisors, advocates who design programs, counselors, the police, and all professionals involved in the juvenile treatment programs. Every program administrator works hard to see the success of the juvenile offender. Each one of these administrators has a role to play for the success of the program. The program designers, for instance, have a role to design objectives and effective programs. Scare-straight program flopped due to poor program design. This failure means that successful programs have to be designed in a certain way and be implemented in a way. According to Schemalleger (2011, p.546), the enactment of the Illinois Juvenile A ct of 1899 juveniles were to be referred to as delinquents aiming at eliminating the sense of guilt in them. As such, juveniles in crimes increased while the probability of second crime commitment by those that had fully undergone treatment programs rose. This finding means that poor polices on juvenile treatment programs can lead to more deterioration of the character of juvenile offenders. It is also worth noting that the enactment of Juvenile Court Act of 1938 by the United States federal government did not yield any positive results. These poor policies even made the delinquents worse. Schemalleger (2011, p.547) and Dammer and Albenese (2011, p.547) argue that, since advocates included many attributes of the preceding Illinois Act into this Act, it had to fail. In addition, Schemalleger argues that the concerted efforts to enforce these laws in the whole federation were not successful. If such enactments were made in a wise way, they could have been successful. The program admin istrators also have a role to ensure proper strategies for implementation. The success of any program depends on the people involved in it. If the people involved in the implementation of the program do not understand it or go against it, the program is bound to fail. For example, after the enactment of the Juvenile Court Act of 1938, the federal government worked to ensure that every state had implemented such policies within eight years. However, due to poor implementation strategies, the program did not succeed in lowering the level of juvenile offences. In fact, juvenile crime rate increased as an indication of poor strategy implementation plans. Although the program implementers focused their attention on the good of the child, the program’s perspective made it fail. Juvenile offenders who were involved in this program felt pampered. Therefore, they were never remorseful about the crimes they had committed. This elimination of guilt in the minds and hearts of the juvenil e offenders made them prone to committing the crime for the second time. In fact, this elimination of guilt on the side of the offenders acted as a reinforcement of their negative behavior. Therefore, most of them were rearrested soon after they had left the rehabilitation camp despite having completed their treatment program period. In addition, Schemalleger (2011, p.548) asserts that states were guided by the principle of noncriminal procedures when adjudicating juvenile cases. This interpretation of the act was also a factor that reinforced its crumbling. The program was bound to fail from its onset because children that committed crimes were to be regarded as delinquents and not criminals during the implementation of the program. It is not proper for a juvenile offender who had committed a crime of rape or murder to be regarded as a delinquent. This provision makes them feel exempted from guilt while the victim of their crimes continues to suffer. In fact, they felt that their n ation was one of lawlessness and not everybody was punishable by law. This would reinforce the belief that, even when they commit another crime, they will not be punished as other criminals. This argument is another reason for the failure of the scare-straight program on which the federal government had invested a lot of money. One can therefore argue that, due to poor program implementation strategies, the rate of juvenile crime had risen so high in 1980s (Dammer Albanese, 2011, p.264). The program was a total flop. It even worked against the intentions of is designers. Program designers have a role to ensure that the program yield positive results. The people who are involved in coming up with the juvenile treatment programs, for example lawyers, advocates, and other policy makers should ensure that the programs are geared towards success. The failure of any program indicates failure on the side of the designers, implementers, and processes. The Illinois Act and the Juvenile Cour t Act failed as a manifestation of a failure on the side of the program designers and the implementers alike. Having the program not achieving its objective of deterring crime and reducing the rate of juvenile crime indicates malfunction. Programs are designed to succeed not to fail. In fact, the scare-straight program was not a success despite much effort put by the state in ensuring that the program was successful. Lawyers and policy makers had spent considerable efforts in ensuring that this program was a success. Program implementers also made efforts in ensuring that the program was successful. In fact, the plan was that, by the end of the first eight years after the Juvenile court act, every state would have implemented the Juvenile Crimes Act. Program implementers as stakeholders can determine whether a certain juvenile treatment program will be a success. Program implementers should appeal to the other stakeholders in their work because efforts to force the juveniles or thei r parents to adopt juvenile treatment without their freewill may not work. Any one of the other stakeholders in the process of implementing juvenile treatment program can thwart the whole process. The level of understanding of the policies and laws governing juvenile program implementation is also likely to affect the implementation process because misinterpretation of policies makes the planned results unrealistic. For example, the interpretation of the Illinois Act to include the rule that juvenile offenders were not to be rehabilitated using non-punitive measures contributed to the failure of the scare-straight program because the interpretation led to the offenders being given too much freedom. Therefore, program implementers including counselors, policemen, and other supervisors should look at every strategy from a broad perspective. Conclusion In conclusion, various stakeholders play different roles in the implementation of juvenile treatment programs. The role played by each of them is important for the success of the program because juvenile treatment programs constitute a process. The wellbeing of a treatment program will depend on the effectiveness of various stakeholders that participate in it. The scare-straight programs that the United States had embarked on for many years failed to yield the intended results. In fact, instead of reducing the level of crimes in the United States, it ended up increasing it to indicate that the success of a certain juvenile treatment program largely depends on the stakeholders. Today, the world has moved towards the use of open programs for juvenile treatment. Such open programs include discussions and re-entry programs amongst others. In such methods, the focus has now changed the attention from the offenders alone to focusing on all the stakeholders. Every stakeholder in the treatment of juvenile offenders programs has a key role to play as discussed in the paper. Reference List Barton, H., Butts, A. (1990). Viab le options: Intensive supervision programs for juvenile delinquents. Crime and Delinquency, 36(2), 238-256. Dammer, R., Albanese, J. (2011). Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. Belmont: Wadsworth. Gottfred, C., Barton, H. (1993). Deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders.  Criminology, 31(4), 591-611. Greenwood, W., Deschenes, P., Adams, J. (1993). Chronic Juvenile Offenders: Final  Results From the Skillman Aftercare Experiment. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation. Klenowski, M., Bell, Dodson, K. (2010). An Empirical Evaluation Of Juvenile Awareness Programs In The United States: Can Juveniles Be â€Å"Scared Straight†?  Journal Of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(4), 254-272. Lipsey, M. (1992). Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the  variability of effects. In Meta-Analysis for Explanation: A Casebook. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Lockwood, B., Mengers, L. (2009). A CJCA White paper: Defining and Measuring  Recidivism. L ondon: Routledge. Mathur, S., Schoenfeld, N. (2010). Effective Instructional Practices In Juvenile Justice Facilities. Behavioral Disorders, 36(1), 20-27. Mulvey, E. (2011). Highlights From Pathway to Desistance: A Longitudinal Study of  Serious Adolescent Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Schemalleger, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today: An introductory Text for The 21st  Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sells, S., Sullivan, I., DeVore, D. (2012). Stopping The Madness: A new Reentry System For Juvenile Corrections. Corrections Today, 74(2), 40-45. This research paper on Treatment Programs for Juvenile Offenders was written and submitted by user Eric Pickett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.