Role and Functions of Law Paper

Based on reading from the week 1 material and the case brief given from week 1, there will be an explanation of how the Supreme Court’s language and results of the case reviewed show the preemptive power of congress in upholding the laws set forth by congress in opposition from the State Law. There will also be a review of the rulings effect on other states and peoples’ rights. The review of congresses decision about preempting state law in this case shows that the government has supreme rule over the land and in this case used it to protect the tobacco industry. Business law and law in society will also be reflected upon and how it might relate to a past or present job opportunity. In review of the Case Brief Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc. , it is clear that given the Supreme Court’s language and result of the case, that the preemption power of congress is too narrow. The basis for this case was the fact that the state law was conflicted with federal law regarding advertising and marketing techniques for the tobacco industry. Federal law is supreme when there are conflicting issues. A reason this could be viewed as too narrow, is because if there are any conflicting laws between state law and federal law there should be language in the statute that directly states the regulations and requirements or if there is not a direct statement, the state law would be preempted if it conflicts in any way with federal law. The Supreme Court’s ruling does not bar any resident from New Jersey or any other state, from bringing a suit against the tobacco companies. It shows that there were specifically enacted laws set-forth by congress that addresses the tobacco companies and how they can market and label the product. Based on this case, any person has the right to legally go after a tobacco company. This case is a great example of how state rules cannot conflict with federal law because the Supreme Court will use the Supremacy Clause to overrule the state law. Congress would want to preempt state law regarding the advertising and promotion of tobacco products because of taxes. The Federal Government makes money from cigarette sales and manufacturing. By congress being involved at a federal level it prevents the states from becoming involved at and preventing this flow of income for the Federal Government. Tobacco has recently been an increasing health issue and the government is protecting the tobacco industry. One reason for this could be the influence of the big tobacco companies in politics and how they can contribute to certain persons to get laws enacted in their favor. The functions and role of law in business and society are vast and must be narrowed down for better understanding. Law is important to businesses because it not only protects the business but it gives the business guidelines to follow to ensure fair dealing and also reliability of business transactions. It important that a business understand that there are rules that must be followed when conducting day-to-day transactions and they will be held accountable for their actions. Law regulates society by also holding individuals accountable for their actions. The law essentially defines the rules and also defines what happens if the rules are broken by an individual or business. The law affects my current position in sales and construction because when I moved into this position and with my current employer, I came from a competitor. This caused a few legal issues with proprietary manufacturing processes and my knowledge of these processes. I was required to sign confidentiality agreements about not sharing the information and processes I learned at my previous employer. The law protects my previous employer by not allowing me to share their manufacturing secrets with my current employer. After reviewing the case it appears that many of the laws enacted by congress are intended to protect certain industries or people in industries against local and state law. This helps avoid further litigation for the same issues time and again. This case showed the jurisdiction of where federal law and state laws are protected and how effective they are in court. Role and Functions of Law Paper Role and Functions of Law Paper Estella Ponce LAW/421 April 24, 2013 ROGER RODRIGUEZ Role and Functions of Law Paper According to Merriam Webster Online, law is â€Å"a binding custom or practice of a community; a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority,† The role and function of law is to maintain peace, personal freedom and social justice. What is Law? The meaning of Law functions is to maintain social control as well as to protect the public in resolving disputes in a peaceful manner.Laws are also facilitating an orderly change by spelling out acceptable processes for instituting change. Constitutional laws outline what governments can and cannot do. Law has been defined in so many ways. A body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having legal binding force (Melvin, p. 4, 2011) is one of the most generally accepted definitions Essentially law provides a way of resolving d isputes and dealing with individual who break the rules and regulations set forth from our government.Role of Law in Business Since the body of American law is so diverse, business law is broken down into three categories: †¢Criminal and Civil Law – These laws are of criminal or civil nature. Criminal law is for the protection of society of an individual breaking the law. Most violators are subject to fines and possibly imprisonment. Civil law are designed for individuals to be compensated for losses as a result of another’s actions. Substantive and Procedural law – Substantive law provides individuals with social rights and duties while procedural law gives structure for pursuing substantive rights. †¢Public and Private Law – Public law is the defining framework between an individual wand the government. Private law is where an individual contracts with each other where no specific statues or regulations are involved. These categories of law ar e very important to businesses and society, by having guidelines setup for individuals to abide by. These laws were also made for the protection of society (Melvin, p. 18, 2011). Role and Functions of Law Paper Role and Functions of Law Paper Estella Ponce LAW/421 April 24, 2013 ROGER RODRIGUEZ Role and Functions of Law Paper According to Merriam Webster Online, law is â€Å"a binding custom or practice of a community; a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority,† The role and function of law is to maintain peace, personal freedom and social justice. What is Law? The meaning of Law functions is to maintain social control as well as to protect the public in resolving disputes in a peaceful manner.Laws are also facilitating an orderly change by spelling out acceptable processes for instituting change. Constitutional laws outline what governments can and cannot do. Law has been defined in so many ways. A body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having legal binding force (Melvin, p. 4, 2011) is one of the most generally accepted definitions Essentially law provides a way of resolving d isputes and dealing with individual who break the rules and regulations set forth from our government.Role of Law in Business Since the body of American law is so diverse, business law is broken down into three categories: †¢Criminal and Civil Law – These laws are of criminal or civil nature. Criminal law is for the protection of society of an individual breaking the law. Most violators are subject to fines and possibly imprisonment. Civil law are designed for individuals to be compensated for losses as a result of another’s actions. Substantive and Procedural law – Substantive law provides individuals with social rights and duties while procedural law gives structure for pursuing substantive rights. †¢Public and Private Law – Public law is the defining framework between an individual wand the government. Private law is where an individual contracts with each other where no specific statues or regulations are involved. These categories of law ar e very important to businesses and society, by having guidelines setup for individuals to abide by. These laws were also made for the protection of society (Melvin, p. 18, 2011).

Personal Ethical Dilemma Essay

An international food party was conducted, during my sojourn in Japan as an exchange student. Since, I was the chairperson of the Korean language club; I ventured to prepare cheyookbogeum or Korean food for this party. I endeavored to do so only after consulting with the other members of the club and eliciting their opinion. Due to close collaboration between the club members, the venture depicted remarkable progress. During the course of preparing the food, I was constrained to decide whether to add MSG to the food. I had to undergo quite a bit of consternation regarding this decision, the party as such, was not all that big and this made me opt for the easy way out. However, I was not spared from having to scrutinize the situation precisely. The primary issue that I had to take into consideration was that addition of MSG to the food would improve its flavor and this would result in a larger number of people buying it. This would bring about a natural increase in profits, which would enable me to donate more money and provide incentives to the members who were making preparations for the party. Unfortunately, MSG does not promote good health and its prolonged use consumption could prove deleterious. In addition, if consumers came to know about having consumed MSG at a later date, they might develop a dislike for the food, which could even lead to their abstention from such food. Thus, by avoiding the addition of MSG, I would be behaving in an ethical manner, as I would have exhibited greater concern for the health of the consumer. Nevertheless, I could refrain from adding the MSG and promote the food as being prepared from solely fresh ingredients. Since, the flavor would not be all that appealing to the consumers; it would be difficult to realize profits. All the same, this food could be promoted as health food and then there might be a chance of making greater profits. All said and done, this issue was not of sufficient significance to affect the community. However, it provided me with an opportunity to adopt not only the perspective of a consumer but also that of a representative of the company. Moreover, I learned that one should take into account, long term perspectives, while taking decisions.

Statement for application to university Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statement for application to university - Essay Example I could not especially imagine leaving all of my friends and relationships with professors behind. However, I arrived at Illinois Institute of Technology(IIT) which was ranked as one if the top ten overall best Colleges among the United States National University. Being a private university, Illinois Institute of Technology provide a wide variety of science courses. This includes; engineering degree programs, architecture, food process engineering, telecommunication and software engineering. Following discussion with our dean professor, I realized that Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) would be the best college to prepare me for my civil engineering career. I believe that in Illinois Institute of Technology, I will be able to gain first-hand experience through their internships andcampus academic launches and events. I discovered that each year, the campus organizes a launch in which students can showcase their homemade devices as they catapult their invention along the streets of Chicago. In addition, the school provides a technological curriculum where students get distinctive and relevant education in a scientific and technological environment where professional knowledge creation and innovation is advocated and emphasized. In addition, the university has launched a system where students can experience interprofessional projects programs like last year, one of the college’s student launched a perfect power system which basically tried to eliminate costly outages, power disturbances that were power related and alternatively control greenhouse gas secretion. Learning in IIT will make me a graduate not only on a viable job prospect, but also as a well-rounded and learned adult who can make diverse and valuable contributions to my community. Illinois Iinstitute of Technology would be the learning institution for

BUSINESS MODEL INTERROGATION & DEVELOPMENT Essay - 1

BUSINESS MODEL INTERROGATION & DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example Therefore it is extremely important for managers to develop a sound business model as failing to do so would severely disrupt business operations (Hedman and Kalling, 2003). It is with regards to this fact that the researcher will be attempting to evaluate the business model of Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC). Emphasis will be given the manner in which the managers in this company have integrated and developed the business model. The researcher will explain the company’s performance and strategies in the dimensions of product and capital market. Besides that focus will be laid on the organization’s product portfolio. This will allow the researcher to comment on the advantages and drawbacks of the business model implemented by Toyota Motor Corporation and what extent the internal organizational structure contributed to the business model. In that way the researcher will be able to make recommendations regarding any changes that need to be brought within the business model and the organizational structure. TMC is a Multinational Corporation based in Japan which is mainly engaged in manufacturing and distribution of automobiles. The organization operates in three business segments which are automobile production, house design and financial services (Toyota, 2015a). Toyota is presently the market leader in the automobile industry. The company has achieved this stature by selling cars, minivans and trucks as a part of its business in the automobile segment (Thomson Reuters, 2015). Toyota’s business model is based on two fundamental strong frameworks: Kaizen and the lean production system (also referred to as the Toyota Production system). Kaizen means incessant improvements that are to be bought in the quality of products. The managers of Toyota believe in working their way towards innovation in order to develop processes that are aimed towards continuous product development and improvement. Kaizen is an integrated strategy which

Project Management in a Changing Environment Coursework

Project Management in a Changing Environment - Coursework Example A new body of knowledge was evolved, which came to be known as Project Management. Over the years, the science of Project Management has developed enormously and many scholars and practitioners have introduced various tools and techniques to enrich it. Â  Internet, computers, project management software etc have enhanced the pace of development of project management.Successful completion of a project on time with the use of limited resources and minimum cost is the main objective of project management. But, project management in modern times is no longer possible by paying attention to resources, cost and time alone. The project managers are forced to look beyond time, cost and resources. The traditional tools and techniques such as Gantt chart, PERT/CPM networks became powerless and attainment of project objective remained a dream for the competent project managers. A careful analysis has been made in various areas of project management and finally reached a way-out that project ma nagers need to have a check on the rapidly changing environment in which the project needs to be materialized.Every project is carried out in a set of complex factors. The totality of all such factors is known as the project environment. Time, organizational factors, a legal system, political system, technology structure, economic system, socio-cultural system are some of the factors in the project environment. All these factors are likely to affect projects and the success depends upon how the project manager and his team respond and adapt to the changes. The basic principles of project management still remain effective in any contexts regardless of size and time. But the resources, budgets, methods, and tools of the project depend upon the environment. If today’s projects are managed by the tools of the past, the probability of failing the project is very high. That does not mean that traditional tools are ineffective in modern times. Thus, before implementing the tools, th ey must be made adaptable to the changed resources, budgets.

Emerging Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emerging Technologies - Essay Example Here, it becomes possible to document, store, maintain, access and share information in just a blink of an eye. As names, cases, profiles, offenses, fingerprints and other data are entered into a digital library, they can be accessed by law enforcers through networked computer terminals, regardless of location and time. Furthermore, computing technology provides for intelligent applications that could classify information into an organized database - a feat that could take years and huge manpower to accomplish. Specific technologies that are increasingly being utilized today especially for solving cold cases include the DNA technology and the advanced DNA database systems. This partnership resulted in the establishment of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) - a computer network that links the forensic DNA laboratories on all levels from local, state to the federal level. The capability of the CODIS is astounding. In the event a DNA profile is extracted from a crime scene and entere d into the database, the system automatically launches a search among thousands of criminal profiles for possible match. Law enforcers have been successful using CODIS. For instance, there was the case of rape with murder in Austin, which could have left unsolved because there were no witnesses and the killer-rapist used gloves and condom during the assault. What happened was that, when he tied his victim, he had to grab an end of the cord with his mouth, so his saliva was deposited and eventually examined, leading to the identification of the perpetrator and the successful prosecution. (Justice Department, p. 2) There are also the softwares called â€Å"data mining† applications. Many police investigators are increasingly using this technology to identify the crime patterns that matches them to potential suspects. This is being done by analyzing the behavioral patterns of criminals that allows for the profiling of suspects, helpful in recognizing the identification of suspec ts that matches the computer’s working profile. Siegel also cited the use of computerized imaging systems that gradually replace mug books as well as the use of three-dimensional drawings in investigating and evaluating crime scenes. This latter is important because it enables investigators to visualize positional relationship of evidences. Cybercrime Computing technology, however, could prove to be a double-edged sword. The sophistication it offers to law enforcers is also made available to criminals. For example, when information is stored in a centralized database, the ease of access can benefit those who want to exploit information for criminal purposes. For example, a criminal can use the technology to embezzle funds or modify information that could lead to the wrong apprehension of criminals or tamper with evidence. Information technology can also enable criminals to kill people through the tampering of medical records that could result in wrong diagnosis or treatment. Then, there are those cases that involve theft of trade secret, financial reports, sensitive information, and so on. Clearly, one sees how the list of computer-aided crimes is growing as well. Another important problem that technology poses for law enforcers is the internationalization of crime. Through the networked computer terminals, criminals can operate globally without any difficulty, with the ease of

Banking and ICT's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Banking and ICT's - Essay Example Digital technology has greatly reduced the costs of compiling, processing, and distributing information. Information and communications technology (ICT) invigorates markets by enhancing the flow of information, not in creating certainty, but making information more symmetric. The rise of the Internet, for example, has increased transparency, improving the ability of all market participants to determine the available range of prices for financial instruments and financial services (Clemons and Hitt, 2000, 4). Indeed, information-driven disintermediation is not limited to the financial sector: "The flow of information turns client relationships into markets. This phenomenon is cropping up in fields as diverse as travel agencies, real estate and the auctioning of flowers in Amsterdam" (Anon., 1998). The new markets that hand information to consumers also tend to push down prices. This is a dangerous prospect for branded goods like banking products and services, which behave increasingly like commodities. Moreover, technology has continually lowered the transaction costs of direct financing, facilitating the emergence of new electronic markets, payments and settlement networks, and new market-based risk and wealth management systems. Disintermediation is accompanied by securitization. Large firms increasingly raise finance directly from the financial markets. Companies with secure cash flows create securities from (or "securitize") these "assets," the value of which is determined by the volume and reliability of the cash flows (Holland et al., 1998, 222). The securities are then sold publicly or privately to institutional investors. Securitization of assets disintermediates banks from their traditional role of lenders to the corporate sector. Financial deregulation and information technology have both contributed to the growing dominance of capital markets by facilitating access for new issuers and investors. Forces For Change Powerful forces for change are forging the future shape of the banking industry. These include demographic, technological, and regulatory factors. Undergirding these developments is the continuing closer integration of national economies and financial systems through the process known as Globalisation. Changing Customer Needs and Preferences Populations are aging rapidly, at least in the developed Western democracies. The prospect of rising aged-dependency ratios is focusing governments and individuals on alternative means of funding retirement incomes. "Pay-as-you-go" pension schemes, under which the younger (working) generation funds the retirement incomes of the older (retired) generation, are not viable when the aged-dependency ratio rises beyond certain limits. Governments are responding by inducing individuals to make greater provision for their own incomes in retirement, restricting the availability of publicly funded pensions to the genuinely indigent.

Televised Presidential Debate (10-3-12) Assignment

Televised Presidential Debate (10-3-12) - Assignment Example (2) About how many people attended the meeting? Describe the audience demographics. This event drew an immense number of audience members. Unlike a private event, this debate was aired live, on multiple networks, allowing for, easily, millions of viewers. The demographics of the audience of this event are as diverse as the country we live in. Americans of all genders, races, political parties, and ideologies were tuned in to view this debate. (3) What was the main topic of the meeting? The topic of the debate was announced as domestic policy. Lehrer explained that there would be, ideally, six segments of 15 minutes in length, with 2 minute responses from each candidate. Three segments would focus on the economy; one segment would be dedicated to healthcare, role of government, and the last on the meaning of â€Å"governing.† I choice this event, particularly, because of it is so very important. There are issues being discussed that are so incredibly relevant to the future of t his country that it is an event deserving of critical attention. This is, also, again, the first debate where these two candidates would be debating these issues face-to-face in an open forum. There are a lot of important questions that need asking, issues that need addressing, and answers that the voters deserve to hear. (4) Why did you choose this meeting, and what did you know about the topic before you attended? There is nothing more politically important in the United States of America than when we choose the leadership that we have. Where to cast your vote should never be a small issue and tends to involve many specific variables. Individuals must assess their political concerns; review the prospective candidates, their personal beliefs and views, and ever so much more, before they make their choice. It is all the harder today with the cut throat nature of the campaign tactics, being overused in this election, for Americans to make that choice clearly. The smear campaigns, ult imately, begin to feel like childhood name-calling. With the state that American is currently in, struggling through a continuing the unemployment crisis and continuing and increasing debt, this is hardly the time for games. Choosing the right candidate is extremely important, regardless of your political party. These are the reasons that I chose this particular event. (5) What were the four most interesting things you learned from the meeting? This debate was, in fact, quite interesting. However, the issue that I was most eager to hear addressed was concerning the unemployment crisis. Although, both, candidates have plans for the issue, Obama reiterated the same approaches that he has proposed throughout his Presidency. While Romney offered some fresh perspectives that, definitely different from Obama’s, had a lot of merit. The next topic of importance to me is the controversial healthcare reform, often called, â€Å"Obamacare.† Romney was able to communicate how, not only is â€Å"Obamacare† not the best solution for healthcare reform, as it takes the power from the patient and physician and places it into the hands of medical councils, but, also, how â€Å"Obamacare† directly contributes to the, aforementioned, unemployment crisis.("YouTube") There are many businesses, particularly small businesses, that are less likely to hire new staff members because of the insurance requirements that â€Å"

Effects of Energy Drinks Essay Example for Free

Effects of Energy Drinks Essay Whether it is a long night studying or just not ready for the day, college students choose to drink energy drinks to get full energy. These highly caffeinated drinks come with stimulating names such as Red Bull, Monster, Full Throttle, or Rockstar. Although these drinks are marketed as a healthful stimulant, consumers should be aware of the potential side effects, as they can be very harmful to one’s health. Energy drinks are beverages whose producers advertise that they â€Å"boost energy†. These advertisements usually do not emphasize energy derived from the sugar they contain, but rather increased energy is due to a variety of stimulants, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Energy drinks generally contain ingredients such a sugar, guarana, ginseng, taurine, B vitamins, carnitine, and ginkgo biloba. Guarana is a leading producer of caffeine, which is the main ingredient in many of the drinks. The caffeine herbs, vitamins and other ingredients combined in energy drinks are supposed to improve strength, endurance, and mental function. According to an article from WebMD, â€Å"Since Red Bull, the first energy drink to hit the U. S. market, launched in 1997, the market has boomed now totaling at least $5. 4 billion a year in the U. S. † (â€Å"Energy Drinks: Hazardous to Your Health? †). Makers of energy drinks generally market them as dietary supplement, in which dietary supplements are regulated different than soft-drinks. Although the FDA limits the caffeine contents in soft-drinks, energy drinks have no such limits because they are a form of â€Å"dietary supplement†. For example, a Coca-Cola Classic contains 34. 5 milligrams per 12-oz serving and Monster Energy Drink contains 160 milligrams per 16-ounce serving. A big difference as you can see. The high levels of caffeine can be detrimental to your health. A benefit of energy drinks are that they help to relieve fatigue and mental alertness by raising energy levels. For that very reason, college students tend to drink energy drinks before a long drive home or to stay awake for an all-night study session. As stated before, energy drinks are packed with guarana, which is a natural equivalent to caffeine. Besides giving you energy, guarana has been traditionally used to treat diarrhea and blood clots. Still, our ancestors also used guarana to promote physical endurance and increase mental acuity. Besides guarana, taurine also made its way into of the main ingredients in many energy drinks today. According to an article in Edrinks. net, â€Å"[Taurine is] one of the most abundant acidic chemicals in the human body and is found in the central nevous system and skeletal tissues, but it’s very concentrated in the brain and heart† (â€Å"Potential Benefits of Energy Drinks†). Taurine is basically a substance that helps to regulate heartbeat, maintain cell membrane stability and prevent brain cell over-activity. It is also often used to treat anxiety, hypoglycemia, epilepsy, and seizures. Along with guarana and taurine, energy drinks are packed with B Vitamins. B Vitamins are necessary for cell growth, health, and metabolism in the human body. B Vitamins can also help foster a positive mental attitude and enhance learning abilities. Also, energy drinks advertise their usage of ginseng in their drinks. According to Energy Fiend, â€Å"Ginseng is a slow growing root that contains complex carbohydrates, used to increase energy, anti-fatigue, stress relief, and memory† (â€Å"Energy Drink Ingredients†). Through the combination of guarana, taurine, B vitamins and ginseng, energy drinks give off the impression that they are the perfect form of strength and healthiness. Although the combination of healthy ingredients seems great, a surplus of each can be detrimental to your body. One drawback of energy drinks is they contain too much caffeine. Red Bull, one of the most popular energy drinks, contains nearly 80 milligrams of caffeine per 12-ounce can, but other drinks contain several times this amount. The amount of caffeine in an energy drink isn’t always indicated on the label, so it is difficult to gauge how much one is consuming. Like a shock to the system, an energy drink can give your body a caffeinated jolt. According to an article in ScienceDaily, â€Å"Researchers believe the caffeine and taurine levels in energy drinks could be responsible for increases in blood pressure and heart rate† (â€Å"Energy Drinks May Be Harmful To People With Hypertension, Heart Disease†). The increase in blood pressure and heart rate is known not to rise to dangerous levels among healthy individuals under the age of 30, but it could be significant in individuals with a cardiovascular disease of those with high blood pressure. By drinking energy drinks in excess, researchers also say that energy drinks could lead to heart complications. Along with increased heart rate, energy drinks dehydrate the body. The caffeine in energy drinks acts as a diuretic and promotes dehydration. Energy drinks are formulated to boost energy, not to replace lost fluid during exercise like sports drinks do. During exercise, your body is constantly losing water through sweat. Also, the high amounts of caffeine stimulate urine production, which removes more water from the body. It is important for you to keep your body hydrated if you are drinking energy drinks. In addition, college students are going to extremes by mixing energy drinks and alcohol. Red Bull and vodkas and Four Lokos have become popular mixed drinks at bars because they reduce the fatigue of alcohol while enhancing the â€Å"feel good† buzz. According to an article from CBS News, â€Å"†¦both caffeine and alcohol are diuretics, so mixing them can cause dehydration. A dehydrated body is slow to process alcohol, and that can interfere with coordination, balance, and ability to regulate body temperature† (â€Å"Four Loko: Is New Party Brew Liquid Cocaine†). The person may not realize how intoxicated they may be because they do not feel the lethargic feeling that depressants, such as alcohol, give them. Too much caffeine and dehydration are two of the many reasons people should stay away from energy drinks. In conclusion, the dangers of energy drinks far outweigh the benefits. Even though the ingredients in energy drinks look beneficial, they can really be detrimental to your health. If you are going to drink energy drinks, keep your body hydrated. Lastly, do not mix alcohol and energy drinks. The writing in this essay is my own work. If I have used outside sources, I have acknowledged them through correct documentation. Works Cited Aina, Hunter. Four Loko: Is New Party Brew Liquid Cocaine? CBS News. Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment World News CBS News. CBS News, 17 June 2010. Web. 6 Apr. 2011. . Energy Drink Side Effects. Energy Fiend Obsessed With Caffeine. Web. 6 Apr. 2011. . Kathleen, Doheeny. Energy Drinks: Hazardous to Your Health? WebMD Better Information. Better Health. 24 Sept. 2008. Web. 6 Apr. 2011. . Potential Benefits of Energy Drinks. EDrinks. net Consumer Guide to Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks More! Web. 6 Apr. 2011. .

The integration of global economies Essay Example for Free

The integration of global economies Essay Globalisation is a controversial issue. It has generated large protests around the world, by people who feel that it benefits only the rich. Yet there are others who claim that it offers real solutions to global poverty. There are arguments for both sides. In practice, globalisation has the potential to do both good and harm. The World Bank defines it as „the growing integration of economies and societis around the worldâ€Å". It sounds simple but processes of globalisation involve changes to many different aspects of society: from communications, to travel, to economics, to government. Globalisation represents a particular economic theory based on the belief that a liberalised, free market is desirable. Supporters of a free market economy believe that this approach promotes healthy competition. Countries can specialise in producing the goods they make most efficiently and export therese goods to other countries without restrictions. Only those who produce goods efficiently and at a competitive price will survive. Globalisation impacts virtually very aspect of life including religion, culture, diet and family life. One of the most striking impacts of globalisation is the increasing connection of economies and cultures, making the world seem smaller. A decision made in Japan can employ thousands in another country, or render them jobless. A flu virus in Asia can affect tourism and business worldwide. Economic and technological change are the major forces driving globalisation. Worldwide, trade is increasing as global markets become more closely linked through improved communication technologies like the internet. These same technologies are bringing distant communities together, and making it easier for corporations to move their operations to areas where costs are low. Cheaper air travel because of technological improvements means more people are travelling for business or pleasure, making workers more mobile. The integration of global economies provides enormous potential for all economies to expand into different parts of the world to both sell and buy new products and services. While it can be difficult to enter new global markets, globalisation is giving poor countries some chance of gaining the benefits of world trade. If poor countries could get access to just one percent more of the value of world trade, it would lift well over 100 Million people out of the poverty through the economic growth and jobs created. As multi-national corporations move production to benefit from cheaper labour costs in poorer countries, they are creating jobs for people who previously had few oppurtunities. Technological advancements mean quick and affordable worldwide travel is now available, particularly to people from wealthier nations. This is helping to boost tourism in many developing countries. The internet and other improved telecommunication facilities enable information to be sent from one corner of the planet to antoher seconds. This has brought together people from vastly different backgrounds and cultures. Ideas are shared, business is conducted internationally and those affected by a disaster can call for, and get, help faster than ever before. One concern is the effects of constant pressure from large corporations to lower prices and shorten production times for goods. Although jobs are created, poor labour standards and cost cutting processes in developing countries mean wages can be low, conditions are often dangerous and workers rights are violated. Critics of free-market economics note that industries in developed countries did not develop in these open conditions. Instead, they were protected locally (often with subsidies) and their markets were closed to outside competition until new industries became established. Yet poor countries are now expected to perform and survive in new global markets without first starting from an established base and without adequate support or concern for local interests. This makes it difficult for developing nations to benefit from the increased trade oppurtunities offered by globalisation. Rich countries primarily produce manufactured goods for the world market, which hold their value and command good prices. Developing countries generally produce commodities raw materials like cotton, coffee, cocoa, metals and minerals cheaply and efficiently, but do not have the current capacity to produce manufactured products. Unlike manufactured products. Unlike manufactured goods, commodities are extremely vulnerable to wide price swings whenever there is a shortage or oversupply. Countries which depend on only a few vital commodities for income may struggle if the global price suddenly plummets.

IntelliP: Effective Mechanism for Resource Monitoring

IntelliP: Effective Mechanism for Resource Monitoring IntelliP: Effective Mechanism for Resource Monitoring in Private Cloud Vivekanand Adam Abstract—Cloud computing paradigm makes huge virtualized compute resources available to users as pay-as-you-go style. Resource monitoring is the premise of many major operations such as network analysis, management, job scheduling, load balancing, billing, event predicting, fault detecting, and fault recovery in Cloud computing. Cloud computing is more complicated than ordinary network owing to its heterogeneous and dynamic characteristics. Hence, it is a vital part of the Cloud computing system to monitor the existence and characteristics of resources, services, computations, and other entities. Monitoring data between hosts and servers should be consistent, and data transfer from hosts to servers should be efficient. In this paper, I will use an effective mechanism for resource monitoring called IntelliP which is based on a modified push model. It reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers in CloudStack. Keywords—Cloud computing, Monitoring, self-adaptive, coherency, CloudStack, IntelliP. I. Introduction Cloud computing has rapidly emerged as a method for service delivery over TCP/IP networks such as the Internet. It disrupts the traditional IT computing environment by providing organizations with an option to outsource the hosting and operations of their mission-critical business applications. Cloud computing paradigm makes huge virtualized compute resources available to users as pay-as-you-go style. Resource monitoring is the premise of many major operations such as network analysis, management, job scheduling, load balancing, billing, event predicting, fault detecting, and fault recovery in Cloud computing. Cloud computing is more complicated than ordinary network owing to its heterogeneous and dynamic characteristics. Hence, it is a vital part of the Cloud computing system to monitor the existence and characteristics of resources, services, computations, and other entities. Apache CloudStack [1] is one of the most popular open source IaaS solutions. CloudStack is the best choice of all open source clouds to migrate the services and integrated the maximum security level in its architecture [2]. In IaaS Cloud environments, two aspects should be considered: 1. IaaS hardware and software: In Cloud environment, there are various kinds of hardware and software, including physical hosts, network devices, storage devices and databases. Monitoring system should obtain the performance data of these hardware and software, and report the real-time running status. 2. The Cloud user’s resources: Everything the user has in the Cloud. These are instances, disk volumes, guest networks, templates, ISOs, etc. For all these components, the Cloud user needs clear and reliable knowledge of their status. My goal is to develop an effective monitoring system for CloudStack which will use an effective mechanism for resource monitoring called IntelliP which is based on a modified push model and it reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. The monitoring system can collect utilization information from both physical and virtual resources. The monitoring metrics should be accurate, i.e. they are as close as possible to the real value to be measured. This can help the administrators know the status of Cloud system, and give end users a clear view of their resources in Cloud. II. Background This existing monitoring system named SCM is proposed to monitoring the Apache CloudStack platform [3]. SCM is a flexible monitoring system supporting for cloud environments, which can monitor both physical and virtual resources. SCM users can choose their interested metrics and set a custom interval. In order to meet these requirements, SCM needs a well-designed user interface, and flexible, dynamic data sources. In Clouds, monitoring metrics are also important to the billing systems, job scheduling and other Cloud components. Because of the characteristics of Cloud environment, the monitoring metrics will be dynamically changed and the volume of data may become very large, a scalable and high performance storage system is needed. The SCM monitoring system has four main functionalities, which are metric collection, information processing and storage, metric display, alert. The architecture of the SCM monitoring system is shown figure 1. Collectors In Apache CloudStack environment, the hosts have different meanings [1]. These hosts may be physical or virtual, customer instances or system virtual machines, so the metrics need to be collected vary with the host’s type. In the SCM monitoring system, they use collectors as the data sources which are deployed on each host. These collectors can easily be configured to collect different metrics. In fact, the collector Figure1. The architecture of the SCM monitoring offers a framework, in which users can develop their own programs to collect metrics they interested in. The collector periodically retrieves performance metric values from the host, e.g. cpu usage, memory usage, disk I/O. When the host becomes management server or storage server, the performance metrics of MySQL, tomcat, NFS and other CloudStack components are also collected. As mentioned above, CloudStack has different network traffics on a host, some of traffics do not to need be monitored. The collector monitors the public and storage traffics. The collector also monitors the network devices through SNMP. These metric values are then pushed to SCM Server. The SCM server The SCM server is the core of the SCM monitoring system. There are five main modules of the SCM server. Host aggregator is used to aggregate the metric values from the collectors. A host aggregator may receive metric values from a lot of collectors. Apache CloudStack provides an API that gives programmatic access to all the management features. They designed the platform aggregator to communicate with ACS management servers and call the ACS API through HTTP to get the CloudStack related information, such as the version of CloudStack and how many zones, pods, clusters and hosts in the current environment, etc. After a pre-set time, the aggregators send the metrics to the storage module. The storage module is used to communicate with the storage system, putting the metric values into the storage system or getting values from it. The storage module receives the metrics from the aggregators and stores all these data locally, when the metrics file is large enough, it puts the metrics into the storage system. This can reduce the I/O operations on the storage system. The statistics module is a data processing module. It analyses the metric values from the storage module and provides the average, minimal, maximum, performance outliers, etc. To improve the availability of the ACS, abnormal running information should be reported to the Cloud users immediately. The alert module obtains exceptions from statistics and records the information, and then notifies the Cloud user. If the ACS scale is large, there are hundreds or thousands of hosts, multiple SCM Servers may be needed for load balance. The SCM Client The metric values are organized as a tuple (metric name, timestamp, value, tags), these tuple are not friendly to the Cloud users. So just collecting various resource utilizations information is not enough to explain the observed performance of hosts or applications. In order to let the Cloud users easily to understand the meaning of these metric values, it is very important to display information in a simple and flexible way. The SCM Client gives an overview of the whole system, and displays the metric values in time series graphs with several filters, which is used to help the Cloud users quickly find the minimal or maximal of the current metric value or calculate the average performance in a period of time. Also the Cloud users can customize the graphs by selecting the metric names and tags in tuples. Then only the interested metric values will be displayed in the user interface. Storage system The metric values need to be stored persistently for analysis as well as displayed on the fly. Resources in the Cloud change dynamically and the deployment of the Cloud is large. Monitoring such distributed system may produce a large amount of metric values. So the storage system should be scalable and flexible, with the ability to collect many thousands of metrics from thousands of hosts and applications at a high rate. Above system uses pure push model for data collection [3], hosts initiatively send running status (CPU, memory, I/O, etc.) to a monitoring server. This model has better real-time, and makes the monitoring data between hosts and servers higher in coherency, but lower in efficiency. Usually, the push model is triggered by a time interval or exceeding a threshold. The value of time interval and threshold is important to this model. If the value is too small, even a little change on hosts may make the status information deliver to monitoring servers over a network. This may cause network congestion. If the value is too big, a lot of useful information may be ignored. It consist useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. A pure Push or Pull model is not suited for many different kinds of virtualized resources III. Related work In Clouds, resource monitoring is the premise of job scheduling, load balancing, billing and many other major operations. Therefore, data coherency and real-time are important indicators for a monitoring system of Clouds. Elastic compute is one of the main characters of Clouds, resources in Clouds change dynamically. So the monitoring system should adapt to this kind of situation. To solve the above problem He Huang and Liqiang Wang proposed a combined push and pull model called PP model for resource monitoring in Cloud computing environment [4]. The PP model inherits the advantages of Push and Pull models. It can intelligently switch between Push and Pull models depending on the resource status and external customer request. But the combination of the push model and pull model is more complex to the pure push model and pull model. When there are a large number of requests, event driven method will increase the load on the monitoring servers, and the servers will become the bottleneck. The switch between push and pull has some extra costs [4] and it consist useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. In an attempt to minimize unnecessary and useless updating massages, and maximize the consistency between the producer and consumer. Wu-Chun Chung and Ruay-Shiung Chang [5] have proposed GRIR (Grid Resource Information Retrieval), which is considered a new algorithm for resource monitoring in grid computing to improve Push model. They examined a set of data delivery protocols for resource monitoring in the push-based model, such as the OSM (OffsetSensitive Mechanism) protocol, the TSM (Time-Sensitive Mechanism) protocol, and the hybrid ACTC (Announcing with Change and Time Consideration) protocol. This hybrid protocol is based on a dynamically adjusted update time interval and the consideration for early update when the change is larger than a dynamic threshold. IV. Proposed solution We can use a self-adaptive mechanism for resource monitoring in Cloud computing environment based on push model. As mentioned earlier, push model has better coherency, but lower efficiency in small threshold situation. We can set up a transportation window to store metrics before they are delivered to the monitoring server. We can design an algorithm to control data delivery. The design of the Self adaptive Push Model Monitoring data between hosts and servers should be consistent, and data transfer from hosts to servers should be efficient. In this section, I introduce a self-adaptive push model called IntelliP, which is based on a modified push model. It reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers. IntelliP has a transportation window, as shown in following figure 2. Figure 2: A push model with transportation window. When collectors get metrics from adapters on hosts, instead of delivering these data to servers immediately, they put these metrics into the transportation window. The window accepts a new metric and then compares it with the average value of the former metrics. (1) If diff is smaller than the current threshold, collectors put the metric into the window and keep accepting new data, otherwise, deliver the metric to monitoring server and empty the window. When the window is full deliver the average value of the metrics in the window to monitoring servers. The size of transportation window is not fixed, in order to adapt to the dynamically changing situation of Clouds the window size changes too. Small size means that resources change frequently, and large size hosts are running in a stable status. When the window is full, that means in the past periods of time, hosts were running in a stable status, and the next few periods may still in this status, so the size of window adds one. If diff is bigger than the threshold, it shows that CPU usage, Memory, I/O throughput or other resources of a host changed suddenly. This may indicate that the host becomes active. An IntelliP data delivery control algorithm At this moment, the window size reduces to half of the original size, so more metrics will be delivered to monitoring servers. In push model, the value of threshold is very important. IntelliP decides the size of threshold according to two parameters ÃŽ ± and  µ. Α ÃŽ ± has a close relationship with the current network condition. If current network condition is good, ÃŽ ± is small, more metrics would be delivered. While current network condition is poor, the value of ÃŽ ± increased, less metrics would be on the network. When the network condition is in an ideal status, the value of ÃŽ ± is 1. Another parameter is a constant value set by users. Users can customize the size of  µ according to their requirement. We use m_average as the average value of metrics in window, and define threshold as; threshold= ÃŽ ± Ãâ€"  µ Ãâ€" m (2) One problem is that if the host was running smoothly for a long time and resources usage on this host did not change a lot, then the size of window will be very large. This will lost a lot of metrics. We set an upper limit of window size to solve this problem, when the window size increases to the maximum limit, then the size would not increase any more. . V. conclusion and future work In Clouds, resource monitoring is the premise of job scheduling, load balancing, billing and many other major operations. Therefore, data coherency and real-time are important indicators for a monitoring system of Clouds. Elastic compute is one of the main characters of Clouds, resources in Clouds change dynamically. Using a self-adaptive push model called IntelliP, which is based on a modified push model we can build an effective cloud monitoring system which will reduces network congestion and also reduces useless monitoring data coherency between hosts and servers in CloudStack. In future I will try to improve data delivery control algorithm for increasing effectiveness and adaptive nature of monitoring system, which will be available for all. References Apache Project, Apache CloudStack, 2013 [online] http://cloudstack.apache.org Sasko Ristov and Marjan Gusev, â€Å"Security Evaluation of Open Source Clouds† EuroCon 2013, 1-4 July 2013, Zagreb, Croatia. Lin Kai; Tong Weiqin; Zhang Liping; Hu Chao, SCM: A Design and Implementation of Monitoring System for CloudStack, Cloud and Service Computing (CSC), 2013 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.146,151, 4-6 Nov. 2013. He Huang and Liqiang Wang, PP: a Combined Push-Pull Model for Resource Monitoring in Cloud Computing Environment 2010 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing. W. Chung, R. Chang (2009), A New Mechanism For Resource Monitoring in Grid Computing, Future Generation Computer Systems FGCS 25, PP 1-7.

The Many Benefits of Section Nine :: Sports Athletes Essays

The Many Benefits of Section Nine Section Nine affects all women, not just athletes or children young enough to benefit from equalized funding. Women of all ages, all traditions, and cultures, even/especially the older generations who are being confronted with the changing image of the woman as projected through their grandchildren and children who are benefiting and changing in correlation to section nine. This is seen in all the movies we've watched this semester, and I assume is experienced in most homes and families with young woman. The value system held by the older generation is being met full on by new values, and as Jessie mentions in Bend it Like Beckam, the closer she gets to being who she is now allowed to be, the further she gets from who her family expects and knows her to be. It's not just sports or the new generation benefiting from section nine that is changing; everything is required to change to adopt this modern woman into the family structure. The first group most affected by the new young woman of today would be the older woman of yesterday. Family conflict concerning mothers and daughters in relation to sports was a theme throughout the films. In Love and Basketball, Monica and her mother finally have a confrontation, and her mother admits she gave up her dreams for her husband, children, and their house, but she also declares she would do again, that her family and their happiness became her purpose, and she wouldn't give that up. This notion of the family as the female sphere repeats especially in Bend it Like Beckham. The woman of the family seem to have a spy network of gossiping older women who actually make it their duty in life to learn about and derail inappropriate female behavior. Unfortunately for Jessie, this includes sports (or anything with her legs showing). Her mother teaches her to make a meal, and insists she learn other "wife" activities involving the home, but as with Monica, this casting of the old o n the new never quite takes because of a complete difference in cultural upbringing and its significance for women. At the end of both these movies, all the women essentially compromise. Monica's mother admired the "fight" in Monica, and she tells her to try for Q. Jessie learns to cook and play soccer, and the older women of the neighborhood become more lenient (although it does take the father, symbol of the patriarchy, to get the women to accept Jessie and her goals).

Goodman’s Countering the Culture of Sex :: Rhetorical Analysis Pregnancy Essays

Goodman’s Countering the Culture of Sex In this essay I will discuss the effectiveness of Goodman’s Countering the Culture of Sex. I will argue Goodman’s beliefs on sex and cautions she mentions through the text on underage/unprotected sex, the experiences I have witnessed and been through; and how that effects my beliefs, and suggest some things that could have made this argument more convincing to the intended audience. Countering the Culture of Sex convinces one to change his or her beliefs on pre-marital sex and unprotected sex because the arguments made are based upon fact and other opinions and realities. Goodman makes many effective points. She has evidence to back up her opinions. Bringing in the Madonna song â€Å"Papa Don’t Preach† and relating it to real situations and how the music can be an influence to its listeners. Madonna’s lyrics to the song, â€Å"The one you warned me all about, the one you said I could do without, we're in an awful mess, and I don't mean maybe – please†, make you think about the things that can happen. Maybe one should listen to his or her parents, rather than think if Madonna can get through it, maybe I can too. The author is trying to convince people that young Americans are faced daily with sexual connotations, that it’s almost impossible to prevent teen-age pregnancies in our day. Sex is an always presented problem in the media, in music, and in personal relationships. Goodman blames the media for unplanned pregnancies happening in these relationships. There are so many go-for-sex hidden slogans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Just Do It† –the well known Nike slogan. Goodman brings up â€Å"Papa Don’t Preach†, a song by Madonna in the 80’s which is a â€Å"paean to teen-age motherhood.† Music is some people’s solitude; they go to it to understand life and what they should do with their own. It seems there isn’t enough that can be done to prevent and advertise preventing unprotected sex. Goodman makes convincing points with media and music, for I know many people who live their lives off music and television. It can be very convincing to many people. A friend of mine, whom I will not name, called me yesterday afternoon and told me she made a big mistake and needed my help.

Brick-clad buildings

The dissertation will comprehensively discuss the effectivity of insulators in stabilizing indoor-temperature as an outcome of controlling heat gain and heat loss particularly with brick-clad structures that are constructed either with concrete form or timber frame materials for its walls. The objectives of the dissertation are as follows: a. To determine the insulation properties of bricks; b. To compare and contrast ICF wall construction over timber-framed construction; c. To measure the effectivity of insulators to control heat-gain or heat-loss.The dissertation will delve into the qualities of brick as a building material and at the same time discuss the manner by which cladding is installed. Why is the conventional method of brick laying more appreciated over the faster new system of installation? Through literature readings, we shall decipher why bricks continue to be the material of choice for many residences. Included in the literature review is the relevance of brick as a bu ilding material to the present trend in design and construction.The structural capacity of bricks will be analyzed and the proponent will discuss the reason behind its shelving in favor of the more robust reinforced concrete (pre-stressed and post-tensioning system) and structural steel. The dissertation will also discuss the concept of brick-cladding and rate its relevance to the construction of buildings. Moreover, we shall be determine whether application is better for ICF wall construction or best for timber-framed buildings. Also, we shall try to explore the different insulation presently used and the degree by which it affects the total thermal environment.Because of weather extremes, temperature plays a very important part in the development of materials that seek to solve the perennial problems of heat-gain in summer and heat-loss coefficients in winter. Vital segments of this dissertation include experiments conducted that would clarify the data presented in various handboo k and manuals. A statistical test method was adapted to quantify known data while results were interpreted based on scientific information. The first two objectives shall be resolved through the use of qualitative data only, which was obtained from available literature.The last objective of this dissertation will be resolved through an improvised scientific experiment with the data interpreted through statistical testing. Finally, recommendations were discussed on the resolve of nagging issues of energy conservation and the effects of the manufacture of construction materials to ecological balance and the global warming phenomenon. II. Review of Related Literature The Development of bricks In prehistoric times, man’s quest for durable shelter from weather elements leads them to find comfort inside caves.Once domesticated and agriculture-dependent for food, man built structures made from materials found within his turf. In areas where timber was plenty, wooden dwellings develo ped, mud bricks were likewise used where materials was rare. The Mesopotamians (c. 2000-700 B. C. ) were the first known civilization to use bricks in their dwellings. Brick made during this period was a mixture of clay or mud and straws (added for strength) and then sun-dried or kiln dried; a product that is purely endemic to the region, owing to the scarcity of stones, timber and other building materials (Fletcher, B.1961, p. 50). The Egyptians likewise had their share in the use of bricks as a suitable building material; as new advances were made in curing, texture, color and drying techniques. Different types of bricks were used to adorn structures, from Temples to Mastabas or even simple abodes (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 13). Hebrew slaves were hired, cruelly dealt and oppressed so production of bricks and construction of monumental buildings could be achieved. In the end, the domination of the Egyptians culminated with the Hebrews departure to the Promised Land (Christian Communit y Bible, 1997, p.85). The later part of the 17th and the entire 18th century bricks were utilized as lining for timber framed residences, to serve as insulation against the cold weather, which was later called brick nogging (Friedman, D. 2006). Bricks were fitted in the cavities between the vertical and horizontal studs; mortar was applied as adhesive and finished off with plaster. Thus today, old buildings can be easily identified through its brick nogging on the wall and the year it was constructed could probably be determined (Friedman, D. 2006).Brick as a building material played a key-role in the development of Architecture and the building industry for a span of over 2,000 years. Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), the famous American Architect, found full artistic expression in natural materials—bricks included and exploited its potential by using it not only on residences but also on high-rise buildings. He is credited for the saying â€Å"in their hands the ordinary bri ck became worth its weight in gold†. Important landmarks in cities and urban centers are clad with bricks; some were imported if not available locally (Larkin Building, n.d. ). At the start of the 20th century modern architecture, the popularity of bricks waned. In its place, concrete and steel became the material of choice because of the demand for bigger and taller structures. Brick does not have the structural capabilities for these structures; besides, modernist’s (Architects) opted for simpler designs and faster construction application. So, buildings of concrete, steel and glass replaced brick structures (Beardmore, R. 2006). Overview on Brick Wall Cladding SystemsBrick or hardened clay is literally dull, uninteresting and devoid of radiant color, yet when placed to adorn buildings, residences or even lobby’s, it exudes an aura of sophistication, strength, stability and grandeur not evident in any other building material. Apart from stone, brick is probably the oldest and its resurgence as a choice material has baffled Architects since no comparable material comes close to its character, apart from being cost effective, durable and eco friendly (Wikipedia contributors, 2007a). On timber framesBrick-cladding on timber frames has been with us since the start of the 20th century and continues to be popular in the construction industry. That is why series of innovations have proliferated particularly in the installation process. Normally bricks are laid out on a stable masonry foundation and piled one over the other with mortar and joint pointing is done using the proprietary pumped system (Self Build Houses, n. d. ). At every strategic horizontal layer of brick, metal ties are integrated to keep the piles in place and normally these are anchored to timber studs.The metal ties hold the brick walls from collapsing over, especially during extreme thermal changes, extreme wind pressure or during earthquakes (Parker, H. 1968b, p. 28). On conc rete walls Brick-cladding on concrete or masonry walls is performed simultaneously with the block piling, or can be installed separately on existing walls. Bricks are piled together hand in hand with the concrete blocks and share the same foundation bed but is separated by an air gap that is totally independent of each other. It is like building two walls at the same time, one of concrete blocks the other made of bricks.At every 3rd layer of concrete block, steel ties are laid out connecting both the vertical reinforcement (concrete and brick) at widths not exceeding 600 mm, this should give structural stability to the installation (Baggeridge Brick Plc, 2003). In cases where walls are constructed prior to the installation of bricks, dowel provisions are made at wall points not exceeding 600 mm on center, both vertically and horizontally. Metal ties connected to the bricks vertical reinforcement are then welded to the wall dowels (Parker, H. 1968a, p. 91).If dowels are not provided, workers will drill-in anchor bolt to strengthen the installation. All metal ties are provided with slot for thermal movement because bricks expand over time while concrete does the contrary, shrinks (Parker, H 1968a, p. 256). New brick installation system In terms of brick installation, some methods have been developed to reduce construction cost and speed-up completion time. One system uses a galvanized steel backing plate that holds a specially designed brick (Baggeridge Brick Plc, 2003); another type employs inter-locking brick panels and eliminates the use of mortars (Self Build Houses, n. d.); there are still others who have designed options to promote ease in the installation system. This new trends in brick application, though practical and cheaper, have been used only in the mass housing business, because these types are not designed to endure strong quakes and will most likely collapse (Dunn, V. 2001). For most residents, if they can spare the cost, would still prefer the real thing—that is to install bricks the conventional way. This sentiment, as shared by many, drives up the resale values of real estate because buildings made the conventional way project an image of durability and a lasting antique appeal.New building technology The use of SIP’s, or the Structural Insulation Panel was developed as outer wall envelopes on timber-framed structures. It is actually a wall system combining an Oriented Strand Board (OSB) with an insulation panel. It speeds-up construction time, reduces timber framings and improves the energy performance of buildings (Wikipedia Contributors, 2007c). The ICF System or the Insulated Concrete Form Wall Construction is the counterpart of the SIP, but solely developed for concrete buildings.It utilizes lightweight blocks made from either Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) or Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) with a core 4, 6, 8 or 12 inches depending on the structural requirement. The blocks are arranged around the perimeter o f the building, structural bars are installed and concrete is pumped into the core, giving a continuous wall of concrete and insulation. Much like the SIP panels, ICF improves the insulation coefficient of buildings (Toolbase Services, 2006). Energy performance Bricks when subjected to direct sunlight absorb a lot of heat which normally takes 3 to 5 hours to dissipate.Thus, when not properly insulated, it affects the inside temperature of buildings or residences, thereby putting a lot of strain on the air-conditioning system to raise energy cost. This condition is most likely during the summer months but is preferred during the winter season because it helps stabilize room temperature up to about 8 or 9 in the evening (Claybricks & Tiles Sdn. Bhd. 2006). Bricks, the symbol of traditional culture, serve its purpose only as a decorative material. SIP panels on timber-framed structures reduce heat transfer coefficients both during winter and summer time.SIP panels stabilize humidity an d room temperatures. It is likewise the most energy efficient wall cladding devised for timber structures. This system of construction reduces timber dependence and helps our ecosystem (Wikipedia Contributors, 2007c). For the insulated concrete form (ICF) wall construction, conduction of heat between the brick and concrete panel is reduced since EPS or XPS insulating material envelopes the wall, both inside and outside, freeing buildings from the usual problems of energy efficiency.The thickness of the EPS or XPS barrier is usually 2 inches, while that of concrete varies from 4 inches to as much as much as 12 inches. If structural considerations suggest that thickness be over standard sizes, then special panels are manufactured (Amvic Inc, 2003). Normal brick cladding systems can be applied over the panels or for added protection, moisture barriers are installed before bricks are laid directly on the EPS and XPS panels (McMichael, C. 2006). Construction EfficiencyConstruction speed and efficiency in brick cladding is best observed in timber-framed buildings because the system of attachment is easier, thereby work schedule is accurately met (Self Build Houses, n. d. ). Before bricks are laid, an asphalt based felt-paper or vinyl-based building wrap is stapled to the wood studs on the perimeter of the building as moisture insulation and metal ties are simply anchored to hold the structure (brick wall). The same method is used for plastic shielded galvanized steel backing because it can be screwed on timber studs, so construction time is swifter (WIE, 2004).The contrary is observed in concrete construction. The system proves to be more complex and time consuming. Construction of concrete wall and brick cladding is started simultaneously with an air space between the panels; besides metal ties are harder to install to further delay construction time. On previously finished concrete walls, the installation is quite similar but metal ties are either welded or provid ed with anchor bolts. It is observed that construction costs are much higher in concrete structures compared to either timber or steel (REU, n. d. ).Brick cladding in concrete walls should be confined to manageable areas since both materials behave in opposite ways. As wall installation ages, brick walls tend to expand while concrete walls contract. For a thirty meters brick wall, total expansion is found to be at the rate of 11. 4 millimeters. Thus, when walls are not provided with expansion joints it buckles and no amount of metal fastener can hold it in place (REU, n. d. ). The brick wall will most likely crack or collapse if the moorings are abruptly released or the concrete wall where it is attached may suffer considerable damage (Dunn, V.2001). Every installation should be carefully studied and expansion and contraction joints thoroughly spaced so untoward damage can be prevented. Brick installations over two floors in height are now provided with slip joints to give them (bri ck clad walls) freedom of horizontal movement during earthquakes. Acoustic Absorption Brick as a material is porous so expect sound to pass through, it cannot be used to shield confined spaces from outside sounds, nor is it effective in containing inside sounds so that it becomes inaudible from the outside.But when bricks are used in the interiors, it helps control echo, reverberation and standing sound. In short, bricks improve the acoustic rating of a particular room (Acoustics, n. d. ). Brick clad timber framed structures have very poor sound containment coefficients, particularly in containing sounds coming from the outside. While concrete structures with brick cladding somehow fare well since sound transmission is muffled as it crosses through the panels (concrete), it remains a poor sound absorbing material so walls have to be treated with acoustic materials (Acoustics, n.d. ). Bricks are classified according to its degree of porosity, it could be a common brick, a compressed brick or perhaps a firebrick. Each type is designed to serve different requirements. Brick panels installed inside living areas or conference rooms not only enhance aesthetic appeal but also improve acoustic resonance. Brick walls absorb sound—whether standing sounds and reverberating sounds and to a degree correct echo and flutter echoes (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). Since bricks transmit sound readily, additional barriers should be introduced to contain sound.If a brick wall is made as partition between rooms, privacy will be totally lost, since others would be privy to conversation made on the other side of the room. Not so much with concrete walls, since concrete walls are naturally dense and when properly plastered is massive enough to mute sound transmission. However, it does not have the absorption quality of bricks, so its acoustic resonance is practically nil (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). The introduction of heavy drapes, carpeting and cushions could easily be a good remedy. Durability Without a doubt, brick is the most enduring of all man-made building materials.The specific proof of this are the Mastaba (burial mound) of the Egyptian’s that was built over two thousand years ago, recently unearthed, but the brickwork inside are still in excellent condition (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 23). In fact brick walls can withstand harsh weather conditions, could be soaked in salt water indefinitely and above all the most potent of man-made chemicals do not seem to have an effect on it. Architecturally, the aesthetic appeal of bricks is enhanced over time as it ages, probably the same as wine since its taste also improves as it matures (WIE, 2004).The abject durability of a monolithic poured reinforced concrete could not be discounted. Proofs to these are the embankments made during the 2nd World War that continue to exist even without maintenance. In fact plain concrete is a product of the 20th century, although the main material cement was act ually invented by the ancient Roman Civilization. Cement during the Roman period was made out of volcanic ash mixed with lime and other substances and was used extensively for their buildings (forums, thermae, collosseums, circus, aqueducts and temples) that house different activities (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 210).

Internet Markerting Essay

Describe the key benefits and opportunities presented by internet marketing activity for Viola Drinks Ltd. and again how this help formulate and change the marketing mix for the business. In this assignment I will describe the fundamental benefits and opportunities presented by internet marketing activity for Viola Drinks Ltd. and furthermore how this helps formulate and change the marketing mix for the business. Internet marketing brings a lot of opportunities and benefits to businesses for instance reach to wider audience therefore raising awareness of the brand and attracting prospective customers, reducing overhead cost of the company as running and online business does not require as much finances as a regular business, and improve availability. Products: Products choices are informed by market research where customers’ needs and requirements are assessed. Feedbacks given by customers to the organisation will benefit Viola Drinks Ltd because they can modify their existing products or develop new product for their customer’s satisfaction. Internet marketing has divided product into two parts 1) core product and 2) extended product. The core product is the actual â€Å"product purchased by the customers to fulfil their needs† and the extended product is â€Å"the benefits build around the product†. Price: Price comparison is common online. Viola Drinks Ltd needs to make ensure that their online prices match with their competitor online prices. For instance online price comparison websites such as www. kelkoo. com and www. comparethemarket. com dedicated to comparing prices on products in order to find the best deal for the customer. Customers can log on to their website, search for a product, compare the prices and get a good deal. This will benefit Viola Drinks Ltd. to compare their prices with their competitors. The reason why online pricing is better than offline pricing is that online prices are very clear and transparent for the customer and the business at large because they can take advantage of the pricing that may change regularly or take advantages of special offers that last for a limited period of time and compare the amount competitors are charging. This is called price transparency it can only be achieved online as customers will be hunting for bargains. Place: Viola Drinks Ltd has integrated internet marketing within their already existing marketing strategies to create another sales channel. The benefit of Viola Drinks Ltd moving their business online is that they can â€Å"minimise cost of inventory, transport and storage while fulfilling demands from customers†. Furthermore, search Engine Optimisation (SEO) The accessibility and visibility of Viola Drinks Ltd is important through Search Engine Optimisation. Search Engine Optimisation benefits Viola Drinks Ltd. to be recognised among leading search engines such as Google, Bing and Yahoo. For a company to have an online presence they must be on the top list on the search engines. Optimizing your website for search engines is a gathering of techniques that simplifies a search engine’s task of searching, for information posted on your website. Therefore it is crucial to registering with the big search engines including Google, Bing, Yahoo and other search engines while making sure that the website contains the adequate keywords so the site obtains a high raking placement in the relevant searches that people carry out. This can be achieved by Viola Drinks Ltd. hrough incorporating the adequate keywords that any prospective customers might search for consequently increasing the visibility of page and raising awareness of the brand. Promotion: Promotion is an important aspect in internet marketing. Bringing the products to the customers’ attention will help Viola Drinks Ltd. to generate more sales. Online promotion directly markets to the customers as it regularly pop-up sales ads. â€Å"The marketing function concerned with persuasively communication to target audience the components of the marketing program in order to facilitate exchange†. The opportunity of Viola Drinks Ltd. promoting their products online is that their customers can have real-time up to date what the latest promotional offers. Furthermore customers receiving direct e-mail from Viola Drinks Ltd about products that the prospective might consider purchasing will pull them to visit the website more. Advertising: online promotion has helped Viola Drinks Ltd. to reach their target audience, therefore getting more customers and bringing awareness of the different benefits and features of their existing and new products which is dramatically benefiting the company. Online advertising has grown over the past years â€Å"Online advertising spending in the UK has overtaken television expenditure for the first time, a report has said. Online spending grew 4. 6% to ? 1. 752bn in the first half of 2009, while TV spending shrank 16. 1% to ? 1. 639bn†. This shows how online advertising is increasingly growing in popularity in the UK and the benefit Viola Drinks Ltd. will have from online advertising is that they can get more customers as they are able to reach a greater audience and have new sales channels. Furthermore online advertising is cheaper and more convenient to reach a wider target audience. Viola Drinks Ltd. website enables their customers to shop and search for information 24/7 from the comfort of their own bed or from any other location. The benefit of online advertising to the customer is that he/she can get the information as far as they have an internet connectivity while offline advertising such as TV, billboards and newspapers ads are not that so popular as they used to be. In a recent article from BBC it is stated that online advertising has over taken the traditional forms of advertising. Globalisation: Moving on, the benefit of Viola Drinks Ltd. going online is to reach to a wider audience and expand the company to trade in a single global marketplace and the blurring of social and cultural differences between countries. Viola Drinks Ltd hence has make sure that they have a comprehensive understanding of the foreign markets environment and assess the advantages of their own products and service they provided to their customers on a world-wide scale. 24/7 Accessibility: Last but not least 24/7 accessibility is one of the major reasons for a company to go online. For Viola Drinks Ltd to go online it will mean that more customers can get to their stores at their own time. â€Å"Your store is open, 24 hrs. a day, 7 days a week. Further, your customers are worldwide in reach, and can shop anytime that they want to†. This is the benefit that internet marketing provides to Viola Drinks Ltd because their customers can shop online at any given time. With the company’s presence online their customers will not be disappointed as they can always shop at any time of the day without leaving the comfort of their house. P5 – Explain how internet marketing has made Viola Drinks Ltd. more efficient, effective and successful. In this assignment I will clarify how internet marketing has made Viola Drinks Ltd. more efficient, effective and successful and how the increasing availability of the web gives business a number of effectiveness and efficiency. Dynamic Pricing Online pricing is done successfully thanks to the advent of technology. For instance flights change price according to the time of year; prices for flights go up during the half-term, as they know families will want to go at this time. Viola Drinks Ltd. website uses dynamic pricing charged prices categorise customers in different groups. â€Å"The prices are updated in real time to the type of customers or current market condition†. Viola Drinks Ltd. website has managed to establish this through their website. The efficiency and effectiveness of dynamic pricing can get Viola Drinks Ltd to capture more consumer attention and surplus, consequently meaning more generated profit for the company. Social Media: Social media has helped in a great deal in Viola Drinks Ltd. online advertisement. Social Media website such as â€Å"Facebook† and â€Å"Twitter† are the two most popular and used social media networks with over 1 billion visitors between them. The exploitation of social media has facilitated Viola Drinks Ltd to send out promotions and keep people up-to-date on upcoming events and products therefore increasing the opportunity to gain sales and also to profile their customers through psychographic profiling to target, young adults up to the age 24 who spend a great deal of their time online these are. Freedom of Choice has given Viola Drinks Ltd. ustomers the opportunity to pick from a variety of products. Viola Drinks Ltd is providing their customers with options to choose different products online. Furthermore they have offed their customers all over the world the freedom of choice from a different range of products and the option to choose their own delivery time and location. Track your Purchase online processes can help customers to track their order through the company’s website as they will be paying for their products or services before they receive it. The efficiency and effectiveness of this is that customer’s feel reassured that they can track their order without worrying if their purchase will make its way safely to their address. Viola Drinks Ltd website allows their customers to track their purchase from order, dispatch to transportation before it with the courier for delivery to their home address. Once more this reassures the customers and makes them feel that they are obtaining a good service online. Visual appeal, Viola Drinks Ltd. uses images on their website to make it easy and interesting for their target audience to have a clear view of their products in. Doing this it is clear that Viola Drinks Ltd wants to meet their customers’ requirements as they have the option to view the products, label which include the nutritional information of their drinks as consumers undoubtedly would want to know how much sugar the drinks contain if the individual has health concerns. P6 – Explain the challenges of globalization facing Viola Drinks Ltd. when deciding to embark on internet marketing as a promotional tool. In this assignment I will give details about the challenges of globalization facing Viola Drinks Ltd. when deciding to embark on internet marketing as a promotional tool. One of the challenges of internet marketing facing Viola Drinks Ltd. is the costs. Costs of setting up a website can be quite expensive at first, as you have to consider things such as, the domain name; protection of the website; people looking after the website, keeping it up to date and functional; designing the website; hosting and staff to look after the consumer’s requests and query’s. So this is a big thing that a Viola Drinks has to consider about when starting up an online business or website, as all of these things add up and can result in costing a lot of money. Another less taxing challenge of internet marketing confronting Viola Drinks Ltd. can be the information they decide to put on the website. When creating a website, Viola Drinks Ltd. has to be careful of the content that they put on the website. A business doesn’t want to overload the customer with information on products, as the customer will lose interest and find another website, which is more to the point and easier to read. Another challenge of internet marketing that Viola Drinks has to deal with is security. An online business makes their profit through online sales, and therefore needs to make sure that people feel secure and safe doing so. Payment Security is one of the largest challenges that Viola Drinks Ltd. face when operating on the internet. Customers want to ensure that their bank details are kept safe from hackers. Therefore Viola Drinks Ltd. must ensure they have a valid SSL certificate which encrypts sensitive information so nobody else can access it. Furthermore they can do this by making sure their website has regular virus checks and some sort of software to stop it from being hacked. They also could make sure that they use a very secure system when people are paying for products, such as NatWest have the special password system, so that when you are about to purchase a product, the customer will have to enter the password as well as all the relevant card details. A company could also use companies such as, PayPal and ask customers to pay through there. This will make the customer feel more secure as they know it’s a website they can trust. Viola Drinks Ltd. is also exposed to competition through global website visibility. The problem with having your website on the internet is that you are exposing yourself wide open to competitors who can view nearly everything about your business model. Viola Drinks Ltd. exposes their pricing, promotional offers, customer support service, layout of your information and how they have categorized certain data. This is beneficial to their competitors such as Coca Cola. Furthermore having manufacturers with online presence automatically causes disintermediation within the supply chain. This is a challenge for Viola Drinks Ltd. who sells their products that they get from a wholesaler, which needs a manufacturer. Viola Drinks Ltd may run into channel conflict, which is a challenge. This is when a customer can find the product that a business is selling cheaper elsewhere, therefore they are less likely to buy other products from Viola Drinks Ltd and they will lose money. Therefore, a business needs to make sure that it is looking at what its competitors are doing and keep their products and prices up-to-date. Lastly A challenge of internet marketing that Viola Drinks Ltd might face can be culture. When a business is starting up a website in a different country, they will have to take into consideration the country and their views on things. For example: in China the colour red is seen as lucky, therefore Viola Drinks Ltd may choose to make their website red if they were to start up their business in China, as people may be more likely to buy products from them. When starting up an online business in another country they will also have to take into consideration staying within the law. Additionally Viola Drinks Ltd. will have to consider tax; the description of products; language barriers; and modesty laws. All these could be potential problems and could easily cause Viola Drinks Ltd. to fail if they are not looked into and dealt with.

Organisations Need Strong Culture Essay

I will outline why a strong culture is required for organisations in a post-bureaucratic era. Culture â€Å"represents the totality of everyday knowledge that people use habitually to make sense of the world around them through patterns of shared meanings and understandings passed down through language, symbols, and artefacts† (Clegg 3rd Edition, 2011). It is the ‘glue’ that binds the workforce of an organisation in a post-bureaucratic organisation, which is heterarchical, meaning information flows across divisions and is more equally given to people and different managements. I will also draw upon numerous tutorial and additional readings to explore the differing opinions into the essence of culture and its importance to modern-day organisations. It is an important ingredient to success that organisations meet their objectives under a strong culture in the post-bureaucratic era, as the necessary outcomes will be achieved through a quality focused cultural organisation. Furthermore I will provide an overview of culture in the post-bureaucratic era with the assistance of Josserand (2012), and then analyse the working environment by comparing and contrasting its effectiveness with a strong culture using Rosen (1988) and Karreman, D. & Alvesson, M (2004). Lastly I will assess an organisations working situation without culture using Bolden (2006), to ultimately show that in my opinion it is clear that â€Å"organisations need strong culture† to be successful. Josserand (2012) analyses corporate alumni networks as a post-bureaucratic management practice that perpetuates an individuals’ subjectivation despite them no longer being a part of the organisation. Courpasson (2000, cited in Josserand 2012) states that â€Å"post-bureaucratic management practices are powerful soft-domination devices†. On the surface it appears as though there is equality among workers in the organization which helps produce obedience, however it’s actually a pervasive system of controls which subtly reinforces the hierarchical structure (Josserand, 2012). It’s been debated that an enterprising culture is promoted by post-bureaucratic practices. DuGay (2000, cited in Josserand 2012) further points out that it â€Å"carries humanistic values of autonomy, responsibility, flexibility, confidence, and trust, that encourages people to be empowered and to take on responsibilities†. Culture gives organisations unique identities but most importantly, I believe a positive culture benefits both employees and employers, as it creates a productive working environment and thus leads to more efficient and effective work practices. It increases the successfulness of the organisation if implemented successfully. Employing a strong culture in an organisation can be a tedious, time consuming and a difficult task, however it is a long term project to increase the organisations profitability by increasing the enjoyment and satisfaction of its’ workers. In addition workers will flourish according to Salaman & Storey (2008, cited in Josserand 2012) â€Å"by constantly achieving harder, better and faster†, which is beneficial for the employers and employers as better results are achieved. It also engrains the concept that they are â€Å"players on the same team† (Hardy, 1998, cited in Josserand 2012). The ultimate outcome is for the workers to believe they are â€Å"members of the big corporate family who they can trust as their relatives† (Casey 1999, cited in Josserand 2012). From this, they all enjoy the success of achieving the ‘family’s’ key objectives. Negative culture lacks the engagement and empowerment aspects needed by a successful organisation and achieving the key objectives in a weaker or negative cultured organisation become much more difficult and stresses the bureaucratic processes. Rosen’s (1988) article utilises the setting of an organisations Christmas party to draw out the cultural and symbolic meanings, under the guise of a supposedly innocent social event. There is a â€Å"blurring of boundary between self and organisation† (Rosen 1988), giving workers a chance to develop more personal relationships with fellow workers, which I believe is an important consideration in driving culture. However subtly it is a form of normative control which reinforces the organisations hierarchy. Nevertheless, bosses, co-workers, and inferiors in the organisation socialise in the social setting, not as â€Å"subordinates† (Rosen 1988) but as equals. This further â€Å"blurs the boundaries between that which is work and play, instrumental and moral, inside and outside† (Rosen 1988), where familial bonds are forged and comradeship created. Here, workers’ life and work become indistinguishable. Creating and maintaining a strong culture is thus beneficial for both employees and employers as they feel â€Å"belonging as family and profession† (Rosen 1988). Greater bonding among workers helps develop a sense of connection and a feeling of belonging, which therefore increases the productivity of the employees and therefore make the organisation more profitable. The Christmas party is ultimately â€Å"a collection of members forming an organic unity† (Rosen 1988), creating a culture which â€Å"encourages an informal, flexible, and dedicated membership, one not constrained by extensive rules, and one capable of accomplishing ill-defined and complex tasks† (Rosen 1988). It is the ongoing drive to succeed which continues to grow the strength of the positive culture that is continually being by a valued workforce. Karreman, D. & Alvesson, M (2004), uses the case of ‘Big Consulting’ to discuss how â€Å"organizations were stereotypically understood as bureaucracies, with very slightly refined and tightened structural cages†. Bureaucratic modes of organizing include â€Å"division of labor, hierarchy, and standardization† (Karreman, D. & Alvesson, M 2004), and these usually alienate workers as managers take no appreciation of their contribution. This negative culture that is created from alienating and disengaging workers is very difficult to transform into positive culture, and therefore weakens organisations and bureaucracies as a result. However it has changed over the past thirty years, and this stereotype has been replaced with a cliche â€Å"that organizations are becoming increasingly network based, organic, and flexible, and knit together: values, ideas, mutual adjustment, community feelings or identity† (Karreman, D. & Alvesson, M 2004). Here it is evident that a culture of positivity, teamwork and individuality has been developed. Adopting these practices has benefited ‘Big Consulting’ as it has instilled a â€Å"delivery culture and commitment to keeping deadlines at all costs† (Karreman, D. & Alvesson, M 2004). Now strength is the focus of the organisation when completing a task, as the workers have been cultured into committing themselves whole-heartedly to working together as a team to complete work projects. The culture which has been bread in this organisation can enhance an organisations reputation as evident by ‘Big Consulting’ case study where it is now known as â€Å"a reliable and trustworthy business that delivers what is promised† (Karreman, D. Alvesson, M 2004). Though Bolden, R. Gosling (2006) does not focus on culture, I will be using it to show the disadvantages and issues associated with organisations and leaders without a strong culture. The competency approach â€Å"appears to be fast becoming one of the most dominant models for management and leader ship assessment and development in the UK† (Miller et al. , 2001; Rankin, 2002, cited in Bolden, R. Gosling 2006). This approach was founded on an â€Å"objectivist view of the world that considers the worker and the work as distinct entities† (Bolden, R. Gosling 2006). Of importance – in my belief – is the fact that â€Å"the strong emphasis on individual behaviour means that outcomes are invariably attributed to the individual rather than the collective and/or contextual† (Bolden, R. Gosling 2006). This can have negative effects on the organisation as workers lack the determination and motivation because they receive near no credit for the work they’ve undertaken nor the goals they have achieved. Therefore the organisations profitability often decreases, as workers become increasingly unsatisfied and unproductive as they feel as though they are taken for granted and only known as ‘numbers’ rather than people. I have outlines why â€Å"organisations need strong culture† by providing an overview of culture in the post-bureaucratic era, and an analysis of the working environment by comparing and contrasting its’ effectiveness with and without strong culture. Josserand (2012), Rosen (1988), and Karreman, D. & Alvesson, M (2004), assisted me in showing how post-bureaucratic organisations with a strong culture focused on working together as a team benefits organisations. While I used Bolden, R.  Gosling (2006) to illustrate the negative aspects to an organisation that is hierarchical and does not take notice of employees, and the value they can often add to achieving the organisations goals. I have come to the overall conclusion that organisations do in fact need strong culture, as it increases worker moral and productivity because they are recognised and are engaged as valuable members of the organisation. This in turn benefits the organisation as its profitability increases as a positive workforce leads to positive outcomes with the goals of the organisations being achieved.