Aileen Wuornos - 1416 Words

The Life and Death of Aileen Wuornos De’Serra Whitfield Troy University Abstract This research looks at the life and death of Aileen Wuornos, serial killer. A serial killer is someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in a relatively short interval. Serial killers have the ability to behave in a manner that arouses no suspicion. There are, however, a few signs to identify their potential to become a serial killer. People who suffers from psychopathy, involves a huge tendency towards antisocial behavior, are most likely to develop into a serial killer. FBI estimated that any given time between 200 and 500 serial killers are at large, and they kill 3,500 people a year. This high average shows that killing becomes a†¦show more content†¦The assailant had robbed all of the victims before shooting them to death and stealing their car†. Richard Mallory, 51 year old shop owner, was the first victim in 1989. Six months later, another white male was found shot six times with the same gun as the first victim. A third victim was found before t hey could identify the second body. November 1989 four more men were found dead from being shot. Police received calls describing Wuornos and Moore. In January 1991 detectives arrested both Wuornos and Moore. Wuornos confessed to killing six of the men, allegedly due to self-defense. January 13, 1992 Wuornos’ capital trail for the murder of Richard Mallory began. Capital Punishment in Context website states, â€Å"Wuornos was charged with the first-degree murder of Richard Mallory, armed robbery with a firearm or deadly weapon, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Prosecutors argued Wuornos qualified for the death penalty based on the charge of murder committed in the course of a robbery†. The case was tried in Volusia County, Florida. Wuornos was represented by Tricia Jenkins, Chief Assistant Public Defender of the Fifth Judicial Circuit. Steven Glazer, private attorney, represented Wuornos following the first trial. John Tanner was the District Attorney . According to the Capital in Punishment in Context website it states, â€Å"Judge Uriel BlountShow MoreRelated Aileen Wuornos Essay553 Words   |  3 Pagesto seek out their own heinous form of release. Often considered America’s first female serial killer, Aileen Wuornos was neither first nor the worst. She had been suspected of committing at least seven murders and was sentenced to four of cases she had confessed to police. All the while, she maintained her innocence claiming that some or all of the killings were in self-defense. Born Aileen Carol Pittman on February 29, 1956 to Diane Pratt and Leo Pittman in Rochester Michigan (Osborn, 2009)Read MoreAileen Wuornos - Essay5419 Words   |  22 PagesAileen Wuornos Criminal Justice 1010 Introduction to Criminal Justice Mrs. Amanda Gentle Sarah Dean December 7, 2009 Riding the Pale Horse of Death, Aileen Wuornos murdered seven men over a nineteen-month period from December 1989 until November 1990, along highways in the state of Florida. While working as a prostitute, Aileen would solicit her victims then murder them. Wuornos confessed to committing seven murders. Aileen Wuornos was found guilty and convicted of six murders. Aileen receivedRead MoreAileen Wuornos Essay3375 Words   |  14 PagesAileen Carol Wuornos: The Life of a Serial Killer â€Å"I robbed them, and I killed them as cold as ice, and I would do it again, and I know I would kill another person because Ive hated humans for a long time.† (Wuornos, 1999-2010) These words came from Aileen Wuornos after she was arrested for the murders of seven men during the course of a year. She faced numerous adversities from early childhood through adulthood. She displayed many psychological warning signs, but none was attended too regardlessRead MoreThe Secret Life Of Aileen Wuornos:. A Women Serial Killer1954 Words   |  8 PagesThe Secret life of Aileen Wuornos: A Women Serial Killer A basic serial killer is a murderer of two or more victims at different times. There are several types of serial killers. The wildest category would be the Thrill- seekers. Thrill-seekers are known for being fearless of danger, having no remorse for their murders, irrational attitude, and impulsive behavior. They seem to enjoy the adrenaline rush they get when they kill and gain pleasure from doing it. The victims are usually strangersRead MoreThe Case Of Serial Killer Aileen Wuornos1145 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In discussion of the case of serial killer Aileen Wuornos, the attachment and life course theories can be applied. Ms. Wuornos was neglected and abused by her guardians multiple times, which led her to a life of criminal activity. She began with small-scale crimes at an early age and eventually escalated to murder. This paper explores how the attachment theory played a major part in the life (and death) of a serial killer and how many lives could have been saved had Aileen’s circumstancesRead MoreEssay on Psychological Look at Aileen Wuornos1224 Words   |  5 PagesProfile: Aileen Wuornos Nature vs. Nurture: Aileen was born in 1956 to her 16 year old mother. She was not born with any physical or mental disabilities. At the time of her birth her father was incarcerated for child molestation and he was also believed to be a schizophrenic, he hung himself in jail and Aileen never met him. When Aileen was 3 years old her mother abandoned her and her 4 year old brother and left them with her own parents who legally adopted them. The family struggled economicallyRead MoreEssay on Aileen Wuornos2768 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Hannah Velez FLM 400 Final Paper Aileen Wuornos: The Dark Tale of One Woman’s Descent into Infamy When did it all begin? Technically, Aileen became a murderer on December 1, 1989 when 51-year-old electrics shop owner Richard Mallory picked her up on I-75 (8) and together they drove off into the woods to meet an uncertain fate. But when did the murderous creature that is Aileen Wuornos come to be? She began prostituting herself as age 9 (5), without so much as an assault charge related to herRead MoreAileen Wuornos Case Analysis1932 Words   |  8 PagesThe following criminal analysis shows why Aileen Wuornos was convicted for the murder of six men and what lead up to these actions. These actions were not in self-defense, but out of cold blood. This profile will analyze the following: what lead up to the murder of these men, what Wuornos’s intents were, the evidence and patterns, her personality and characteristics, and her behavior. These facts and evidence will show Wuornos’s intent and motive, and whether or not she was insane. This woman wasRead MoreLife And Death Of A Serial Killer1092 Words   |  5 Pagesviewing the film â€Å"Life and Death of a Serial Killer† starring one of America’s first female serial killers, Aileen Wuornos; I began to wonder why do individuals become serial killers? What is so special about committing murders and what causes the urge, thrill and the desire to kill? What exactly is the reason behind it all? These questions constantly cross my mind. After learning about Aileen Wuornos childhood, I concluded that her upbringing was one factor that drove her to become a serial killer. Read MoreThe First American Female Serial Killer3507 Words   |  15 Pagesperson I am going to analyse in this assignment is Aileen ‘Lee’ Carol Wuornos who was considered to be the first American female serial killer (Anon., 2015). Wuornos was born on February 29th 1956 in Rochester Michigan (Anon., 2015). Her father, Leo Dale Pittman was an alleged child molester and her mother Diane Wuornos was a teen mother who was not capable of taking up the responsibilities that came about with being a mother (Anon., 2015). Wuornos’ mother abandoned both her and her brother when they

Herbert Spencer Essay - 13142 Words

[pic][pic] [pic] [pic][pic] Herbert Spencer | | |Biography: Herbert Spencer | Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, scientist, engineer, and political economist. In his day his works were important in popularizing the concept of evolution and played an important part in the development of economics, political science, biology, and philosophy. Herbert Spencer was born in Derby on April 27, 1820. His childhood, described in An Autobiography (1904), reflected the†¦show more content†¦His views concerning a science of sociology are elaborated in two major works, Descriptive Sociology (published in 17 volumes, 1873-1934) and The Study of Sociology (1873). Spencer was particularly influential in the United States until the turn of the century. According to William Graham Sumner, who used The Study of Sociology as a text in the first sociology course offered in an American university, it was Spencers work which established sociology as a separate, legitimate field in its own right. Spencers demand that historians present the natural history of society, in order to furnish data for a comparative sociology, is also credited with inspiring James Harvey Robinson and the others involved in the writing of the New History in the United States. Economic Theories Social philosophy in the latter part of the 19th century in the United States was dominated by Spencer. His ideas of laissez-faire and the survival of the fittest by natural selection fitted very well into an age of rapid expansion and ruthless business competition. Spencer provided businessmen with the reassuring notion that what they were doing was not just ruthless self-interest but was a natural law operating in nature and human society. Not only was competition in harmony with nature, but it was also in the interest of the general welfare and progress. Social Darwinism, orShow MoreRelated Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer and The Catholic Church Essay479 Words   |  2 Pages Herbert Spencer was the most important Social Darwinist of the 19th Century. He was the first to begin thinking about evolutionist long before Darwin came out with his book on the Origins of Species. He had many theories such as that everything evolves from one basic creature and then breaks off into more diverse species (Haberman (Hab.), 171). His theory was that social, political, and intellectual movements were caused by the development from the homogeneous to the Read More Herbert Spencer Essay example1597 Words   |  7 PagesHerbert Spencer The most extreme reflection of nineteenth-century individualism is to be found in the encyclopedic system of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). Both his paternal and maternal ancestors were of a long English and French nonconformists, dissenters and rebels, and Spencer traces in his amp;quot;Autobiographyamp;quot; his amp;quot;conspicuous disregardamp;quot; of political, religious, and social authority to the tradition of independence and dissent so long cherished by his family. Spencer’sRead MoreEssay on The Philosophies of Georg Hegel and Herbert Spencer1267 Words   |  6 Pages The Philosophies of Georg Hegel and Herbert Spencer The Philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1801) Metaphysics nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Georg Wilhelm Hegel aspired to find a philosophy that would embody all human experiences with the integration of not only science, but also religion, history, art, politics and beyond. Hegel’s metaphysical theory of absolute idealism claimed that reality was the absolute truth of all logic, spirit, and rational ideas encompassing all human experience andRead MoreWilliam Sumner and Sociology1103 Words   |  4 Pagesto sociology that includes the concept of ethnocentrism, the term folkways, and the term mores. Sumner was influenced by his parents but his major influence in the field of sociology was the English sociologist Herbert Spencer. Also, he influenced many people through his books, essays, and speeches. There are many surprising and interesting facts about William Sumner such as his time as an ordained minister and traveling to Europe to further his studies. Background William Graham Sumner wasRead MoreThe Rise Of Natural Science1425 Words   |  6 Pagessome philosophers or sociologists such as Herbert Spencer have developed it further (Gollin, 1970: 6; Turner, 2001: 30). However, the idea of positivism seems to have some issues; for example, basically the origin of sociology is biology though the goal is regarded to reach astronomic or physics fields (Johnson, 2008: 25). Therefore, there seem to be a tendency that both Comte and Spencer cannot explain their theories adequately to some extent. This essay argues that although the idea of the adoptionRead MoreIn Early Childhood, Play Diverges, Contingent On An Immense1351 Words   |  6 Pagescreativeness and imagination, promote an advanced configuration of play? How is it that a child learns to share and take turns? (Tomlin, 2007). One of the most influential classical theories is the theory of surplus energy, first developed by Herbert Spencer (1873). The surplus energy theory views play as instinctive, life-satisfying, and play that is an unconscious activity, without ulterior benefit. There is a common predisposition for people to be active, and play is the directionless release ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Darwinism1345 Words   |  6 Pagescandidates. Some believe a higher tax rate on the rich is the solution whiles others believe it will do more harm to the society good. I ask myself, should Mr. Herbert Spencer, Minister Graham Sumner, and Andrew Carnegie come back to life, what will be their response? The aforementioned are the considered the fathers of Social Darwinism. In this essay I will discuss and evaluate the theory of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism, a theory that supposed that humans are subject to Darwin’s law of evolutionRead MoreThe Early Stages of Psychology974 Words   |  4 PagesLocke, a person will only gain knowledge once he or she interacts with the outside world and stimulate his or her sense organ (Raghunathan, 2001). This form of belief system also led Locke to publish a proclamation titled An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In this essay Locke discussed the limits of human understanding in respect to God, oneself, nature, and artifacts as well as a variety of different kinds of ideas. It tells us in detail what we can claim to know and what we cannot. PeopleRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective1292 Words   |  6 PagesWas well known for his essays Was the developer for the 4 Basic Ideal Types The focus on what motivates social action 4 Basic Ideal Types Zweckrational Individual rationally choose both goal and means Wertrational Striving for a goal Affectual Emotional state of the actor Traditional Customary habits Max Weber- Major Works The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Religion of China (1916) Religion of India (1916) Ancient Judaism (1917-1918) His last essay was â€Å"Economy and Society†Read MoreRelationship Between The Worker And The Capitalist997 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, inequality has been found on high levels all around the world, this is due to how the market functions and the relationship between the worker and the capitalist. In this essay, the characteristics of Capitalism will be described followed by an analysis of how it produces wealth inequality, however a political economical approach will be used. Emphasized are the thoughts of Karl Marx and Adam Smith. To begin with, Adam Smith in his book Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

The Act of Manipulation Is to Control or Influence Someone Free Essays

The act of manipulation is to control or influence someone or a situation. Throughout all of history there are many examples of manipulation enacted by a person in higher position. George Orwell captures the act of government manipulation in his literary work Nineteen Eighty-Four. We will write a custom essay sample on The Act of Manipulation Is to Control or Influence Someone or any similar topic only for you Order Now The predominant type of manipulation in Nineteen Eighty-Four is psychological. The government uses brainwashing, fear of thought, and fear of the party to control the psychological state of society. George Orwell demonstrated the technique of brainwashing demonstrated throughout the whole novel. George Orwell introduces the reader to the idea of brainwashing when ‘Two Minutes of Hate,† a daily two-minute period is aired on large telescreens throughout the city and in every home. â€Å"Two Minutes of Hate† a strategy for brainwashing used by the party, presents the party’s greatest enemy. A terrible sound accompanies Goldstein’s image in order to trigger people’s feelings of frustration, and therefore sight of Goldstein becomes implanted in the brain associating the two senses with a negative concept, therefore allowing the government to control societies psychological feelings. Another example of brainwashing is evident when the party forces Winston, the main character, to face his fear of rats. Rats are used to intensify Winston’s fear forcing him to a point of breaking his spirit of independence. Winston surrenders and lets go of all his personal emotion. George Orwell explains how the use of brainwashing by the government has allowed them to convince society that 2+2=5. Government can psychologically control society by brainwashing the people. How to cite The Act of Manipulation Is to Control or Influence Someone, Essay examples

Media Space for Future Development Progression - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMedia Space for Future Development Progression. Answer: Media Space A Space that was created and most of the space exists through technological advancements. Unlike an office space, Media space as we know it is a non-physical space, or known as virtual space. In this paper, the relationship between Consumers and Media Space, how media space shapes consumers and vice versa will be discussed. Theories surrounding the relationship between consumers and media spaces will be applied and analyzed, supported by a case studies and surveys related to the topic. Readers will take a closer look into the history of online shopping and what brings consumers with media spaces together, examining the relationship between them. The power that both consumers and media space posses to the extent of shaping one another and the significance of the impact they have for one another resulting in the evolution of human civilizations way of communicating and living. In addition, this summary will give readers an outlook of the future development progression and the pros and cons that come between Media space and Consumers. At the end of this paper, a summarized discussions and conclusions will be added, so that readers will get a better and deeper understanding about Media Space, theories such as virtual window, digital virtual interaction, media space and media space in society. The media space in todays world has properly shaped the way we have acted upon it and they react to the certain outcomes in our lives as well. The media space has created a huge impact on the choices that is made by the people in the society. The people in the society use the media space with the help of different choices that can be available to them. Advertising is the part of proper communication process wherein it helps in convincing different individuals in the society to spend the money for the different desires. Furthermore, the marketers need to take a proper look at an unique way wherein they need to target the customers without molding the minds of the customers and this has helped in changing the uniqueness as an individual in the global world. The behavior of the customers helps in understanding the decisions made by them in purchasing different or specific products. Proper media space is essential and it has a huge role in the lives of the individuals as well in order to get attracted towards the different advertisements that are posted in the newspaper or through online media as well. It is an undeniable fact that helps in understanding that media spaces helps in bringing huge impact on the behavior as well as on the attitude of the customers in the global world. According to Mattingl et al. (2014), the behavior of the consumers is dependent on the dynamic interaction of the different cognition as well as affection as well as the environmental events behavior through which the individuals can conduct exchange aspects in the lives. Advertising is defined as an accepted part that helps in enabling the applicants in reviewing the different theories on media space and this will help in understanding the effectiveness of the media space in the individuals lives (Mattingl et al. 2014). Media space helps in defining different and new methods in the communication process with the novel of unforeseen potentialities and uses. Communication through the usage of social media is more than face to face communication and this will have its own richness as well as complexities. Media spaces is known as the information spaces that has unlimited expansion and includes material spaces that are traditional in nature such as libraries, school and homes. Furthermore, traditional media was not able to meet the expectation of the consumers; therefore media space was developed with virtual cyberspaces. Media space has been established with proper interactive connection with public as well as information of the new media. There are different electronic settings wherein group of people can work together even when all the individuals are not present at a same place as well as time. In a media space people can create visual and acoustic environment that has physically separate areas (Santos 2017). However, media space helps in creating new understanding towards space as well as time that can cross the distance between time and space. In the new age of media space, the media is the carrier that is present in the virtual spaces in order to transmit proper information to the general public. In fact, virtual cyberspaces help in shaping everyday life of the general people as well as the real life with the help of mobile lives. According to Schultz and Peltier (2013), the different forms of communication are reconfigured with the proper advancement of technologies and they are made effective in nature as well. The mobile lives are built on proper advent of mobile phones as well as other digital sophisticated technologies. The best thing about Wi-Fi is that it helps in providing proper network without cable broadband network. The usage of the internet among the customers has become more convenient in nature on laptops as well as on mobiles with proper usage of Wi-Fi. In the digital lives of the mobile space, the different places are no longer a reason to limit the usage of the internet or the media spaces to the public whether the individuals are at home or to their way to school as well (Singer 2014). The online companies such as eBay, Amazon as well as Zara are the online stores that helps in providing different kinds of products and services to their customers through online and this has been possible due to the advancement in the technologies. The mobile technologies have intimate relationship with the media spaces in the day to day life. The individuals consider the smart phones as the media space and there are smart phones that have a consumer to some extent as well. In todays world, it is incredible in nature the level of speed by the media spacesin transmitting the messages to the consumers. The proper advancement in the technologies help in making the goals achievable in nature as these is not achieved by the traditional media. Proper ascertainments has to be made as this will help in properly communicate and engaging in different activities such as cultural as well as political exchanges. The media space helps the online stores such as Amazon or EBay helps in providing proper customer service when the individuals are not present in the actual place. In fact, the virtual cyberspaces help in shaping everyday life of the individuals as well as in the real life with the mobile lives more than the traditional media in the different material spaces as well. Encoding and decoding theory of Stuart Hill: In this theory, Stuart Hill has helped in understanding that encoding is a proper process of creating a proper and meaningful message and this will help in a particular code. On the other hand, decoding is the process of using the codes in deciphering the message and formulating proper meaning as well. Hall even defined that encoder is the sender who is seen as the producer and the decoder is the receiver who is the consumer. Proper reproduction is the action of the consumers in Amazon after receiving the message. The proper reproduction for HM is the proper advertisement that is related to the sale of different products that are brand new in nature and it will help in deciding whether the consumers will take action for browsing in a store or not (Loader, Vromen and Xenos 2013). Capitalism is an essential factor that affects the behavior of the consumers. It refers to the idea wherein consumption drives capitalist economy through manipulating the consumers to purchase specific goods and services in Zara Fashions or in Amazon. The entire capitalist framework is generated with determining the proper desire of the individuals regardless of the actual needs and wants of the consumers. Dual Coding Theory is the information that helps in creating stronger impression on different information of the customers. Generally, there are different slogans and images for different products that will help in making the customers remember about the different products. For instance- Weibo is the application that uses a creative image and it helps in attracting customers sand draw their attention as well. There are different applications but there are only few who are trying to use the technology in such a way. Cultivation Theory is an important theory that helps in analyzing the usage of the media space in the todays world. The major proposition of the cultivation theory is to understand the number of individuals who are watching television and believe in the social aligns with the portraying reality on the television (Weber and Quiring 2017). Media richness theory is an essential theory in the media spaces as well as this helped in acting as the framework in the information ability of the medium to reproduce the information that is sent over it. This is the framework of the communication process that helps in understanding the information processing theory that helps in understanding the usage of the media space in the life of the individuals (Jensen 2013). Two step flow theory is essential and important in nature as this will help in hypothesizing the ideas that flow from the media spaces to the different opinion leaders and then to a wider population. The Two step flow theory helps in understanding the influence of media spaces and the proper usage of media space. Opinion leaders are the ones who interpret the hypothesis wherein it will help in opposing the deals as well as the opinions in the proper combination of the sources of media spaces (McQuail and Windahl 2015). Dependency theory is another essential and important theory in the media space wherein the theory is grounded on the classical sociological literature wherein the media and the target audiences have to be studied in context with the larger social systems (Roztocki and Weistroffer 2015). Agenda setting theory is the theory that helps in describing the proper ability of Amazon as well as the individuals in the organization to influence the salience of the topics that has to be covered in public agenda. This is the kind of issue that helps in understanding the issue that is important in nature (Hutchinson 2017). Spiral of silence theory is an essential theory that helps in understanding the different processes through which media can publicizes different opinions. There are different individuals in the society that helps in understanding the perception of the individuals that are being properly accepted as well as expressed by them as well (Warde 2014). Media Dependency Theory is the other essential theory that helps in understanding the different dependencies of the individuals on the media information along with the meeting of different needs and preferences of the customers as well. In Amazon, the degree of actual dependence will help in understanding the influence of the centrality of different information functions as well as other social stability. Medium theory also known as the channel theory or media formalism was propounded by Herbert Marshall McLuhan, in the twentieth century. The Canadian philosopher and professor had claimed that the message is contained in the medium thereby challenging the conventional definitions. McLuhan stressed on the fact that the channels differ in terms of how they alter and awaken the senses and thoughts of the individuals. He popularized the notion that the channels provide a strong force that have to be comprehended to gain knowledge on the fact as to how the media might influence culture and society. The theory focusses on the characteristics of the medium. In case of the medium theory, a medium refers not only to the newspapers, digital cameras or the internet, it involves the symbolic environment of a communicative act. The thesis of the Canadian philosopher portrays that people may adapt to their environment through a particular ratio or balance of the senses. He further suggests that the sense ratio is brought about by the medium of a certain age and thus affects perception. In case of the online retailer Amazon, the medium theory seems to be aptly applicable. Theory of libertarianism or the free pass theory is another theory based on the media spaces. According to this theory, the absence of restraint is advocated. The theory mainly focuses on the rights of an individual (Bailey 2012.). This theory has its roots in the seventeenth century. During that time, the printing press in England had made production of several copies of the same document or books possible at cheaper rates (Rosenberry and Vicker 2017). The followers of this theory regard the state to be a major source of interference to the property and rights of an individual. This theory granted the will of the people more priority over the power of the state. The theory was advocated by the early 16th century philosopher Lao Tzu, the English philosopher John Locke in the 17th century, the17th century English poet and polemicist John Milton and the essayist John Stuart Mill. The theory of Soviet media or the communist theory is based on the ideologies of the philosophers Marx and Engel. This theory propagates the notion that ruling ideas are nothing but the ideas of the ruling classes. The theory proposed that media spaces should be targeted only at educating the huge masses of the employees (Hanson 2016). The theory should not be targeted at disbursing of information. The theory invited feedback from the target audience so that it could deliver to the needs of the public. According to Lenin, private ownership is incompatible with the freedom of press. He further opined the technological medium of information should be controlled to effectively enable the press freedom. The development communication theory suggests that no development can be brought about without the presence of communication (Rice and Atkin 2012). According to the concerned theory, the media was assigned the role of performing the programs that could bring about positive changes in the development of the state. In the process it accepted the instruction given and the restrictions imposed by the State. The media was subordinated to the needs in the social, cultural, economic and political spheres of the state (Lee and Ma 2012). The developmental journalism was given more stress upon in this theory of media spaces. This uses and gratification theory was propounded by Katz in the year 1970. This theory concerns itself with the process of using media for the gratification of the needs of the public. This theory puts forward the fact that people may choose the topics that they want to see or hear. Thus it is on the part of the media houses to compete with each other in order to satisfy the needs of the target consumers. Advertising is the indispensable part of the media space that is the propaganda in order to constantly transmit the different kind of messages to the public. Furthermore, advertisements will have huge impact on the change of behavior as well as attitude towards the customers for the different products or services bought from Amazon or Zara. There are different consumers who feel that advertisements is ubiquitous in nature and they occupy the space any time as well as anywhere whether they are properly using social media applications. Media spaces have created great and huge influences on the interpersonal relationships wherein mobile media has changed the development of the relationships between different individuals. The interpersonal relationships among the individuals can be better and it helps the individuals in communicating properly through multiple forms of the social media as well (Tannenbaum et al. 2015). From the different theories, it can be analyzed that there are different companies who use social media in order to shape the thoughts of the consumers in order to achieve the goals of the consumers. The effects of the celebrity is one of the famous marketing tools in the media space as this will help in promoting popularity as well as the awareness about different brands. According to Ngai et al. (2015), in the todays world, the society has already emerged a proper mobile life in the global world wherein people cannot imagine their life without mobiles and internet. There are different techniques that are applied in media space such as AI is widely used in the messaging space. The technology is in store and is increasing everyday rather than the sort of garnish initiatives that has been seen till date. Proper designing of the voice interface is necessary as this will help in using proper advanced technology. Amazons echo device that is featuring Alexa is the one that are playing in this particular media space as well. The digital realities will help in steaming forward as this will help Amazon and Zara fashion online stores in becoming more diversified in nature that is occurring due to media space. The online shopping is the main activity for the consumers in media space. The total monthly trade amount of Amazon as well as EBay is incredible number that cannot be imagined as well. Online shopping helps on satisfying the customers as well as analyzing the needs of the customers as well. Online shopping is cheaper and faster in nature than go to window shopping. Online shopping has become a habit for the consumers and this is possible due to the media space. Similarly, the mobile lifestyle of the individuals cannot be without the travel. Media spaces help in making travelling more easier in nature due to the mobile lifestyle. There were different surveys that have been conducted by the individuals wherein it was found that the internet is a part of life of more than 80% of individuals and the lifestyle of the mobile helps in influencing the life of the different customers in many ways in the media spaces. The new media space helps in creating new interpersonal relationships wherein the people of the entire society can shop online as well as there are different other advantages of the social media in the lives of the individuals. The media space has made the ways of communication globalized in nature as well (Spruijt et al. 2014). The advanced usage of the media spaces help in globalization wherein the goal traditional media cannot accomplish such goals. The different functions that are used by the consumers are included in the smart phones as media space is no longer of a distance of space and time. The communication media space helps in removing the different restrictions of the particular region. Furthermore, the languages are no longer the barrier of the communication process due to the usage of media spaces. On the other hand, online shopping is the main activity for the consumers in media spaces. Media spaces helps in making travelling more easier in nature but the mobile spaces helps in making the reservation of the flight tickets properly without much difficulty in such cases (Galician 2013). Therefore, it can be inferred that media spaces help in shaping the life of the consumers. There are different theories that helps in showing that advertising helps in constantly transmitting the new kind of information to the consumers for shaping the attitudes as well as behavior of the individuals consumption. The media spaces have definitely changed the lives of the individuals and it has made the life simpler and easier in nature. The rise of the intensively mobile society helps in reshaping the everyday activities. The media spaces helps in expressing different forms that will help in making individuals a part of them and mix with the different social reliabilities. In the coming future, media spaces will help in sustainable growth of the individuals and it helps in playing a significant role in order to shape the customers in the entire society. References Bailey, M. ed., 2012.Narrating media history. Routledge. DeFleur, M.L. and DeFleur, M.H., 2016.Mass communication theories: Explaining origins, processes, and effects. Routledge. Galician, M.L., 2013.Handbook of product placement in the MEDIA SPACES: New strategies in marketing theory, practice, trends, and ethics. Routledge. Graber, D.A. and Dunaway, J., 2017.MEDIA SPACESand American politics. Cq Press. (Graber and Dunaway 2017) Hanson, R.E., 2016.Mass communication: Living in a media world. Sage Publications. Haugblle, R.H. and Cavatorta, F., 2012. Vive la grande famille des mdias tunisiens Media reform, authoritarian resilience and societal responses in Tunisia.The Journal of North African Studies,17(1), pp.97-112. Hutchinson, J., 2017. Introduction. InCultural Intermediaries(pp. 1-30). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Jensen, K.B. ed., 2013.A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Routledge. Lee, C.S. and Ma, L., 2012. News sharing in social media: The effect of gratifications and prior experience.Computers in Human Behavior,28(2), pp.331-339. Loader, B.D., Vromen, A. and Xenos, M.A., 2014. The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement. Mattingly, A.L., Kramp, B.C., Soemo, T.M. and Mays, E., Microsoft Corporation, 2014.Avatar integrated shared media experience. U.S. Patent 8,661,353. McQuail, D. and Windahl, S., 2015.Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. Ngai, E.W., Moon, K.L.K., Lam, S.S., Chin, E.S. and Tao, S.S., 2015. Social media models, technologies, and applications: an academic review and case study.Industrial Management Data Systems,115(5), pp.769-802. Rice, R.E. and Atkin, C.K. eds., 2012.Public communication campaigns. Sage. Rosenberry, J. and Vicker, L.A., 2017.Applied mass communication theory: A guide for media practitioners. Routledge. Roztocki, N. and Weistroffer, H.R., 2015. Information and communication technology in transition economies: an assessment of research trends.Information Technology for Development,21(3), pp.330-364. Santos, M., 2017.The shared space: the two circuits of the urban economy in underdeveloped countries. Routledge. Schultz, D.E. and Peltier, J., 2013. Social media's slippery slope: challenges, opportunities and future research directions.Journal of research in interactive marketing,7(2), pp.86-99. Shaffer, S., Shetty, S.J. and Geiger, R.G., Cisco Technology, Inc., 2017.Systematic neighbor detection in shared media computer networks. U.S. Patent 9,723,538. (Shaffer, Shetty and Geiger 2017) Singer, J.B., 2014. User-generated visibility: Secondary gatekeeping in a shared media space.New media society,16(1), pp.55-73. Spruijt, P., Knol, A.B., Vasileiadou, E., Devilee, J., Lebret, E. and Petersen, A.C., 2014. Roles of scientists as policy advisers on complex issues: a literature review.Environmental Science Policy,40, pp.16-25. Tannenbaum, M.B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R.S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K. and Albarracn, D., 2015. Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Warde, A., 2014. After taste: Culture, consumption and theories of practice.Journal of Consumer Culture,14(3), pp.279-303. Weber, M. and Quiring, O., 2017. Is It Really That Funny? Laughter, Emotional Contagion, and Heuristic Processing During Shared Media Use.Media Psychology, pp.1-23.

The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay Essay Social workers are put into hard state of affairss on a regular footing. The Health and attention professions council ( HCPC ) set guidelines to help the challenges societal workers face. To stay registered, a societal worker demands to stay by the HCPC codification of moralss to guarantee bringing of the best possible service for users. Working within the guidelines set can be disputing as it may do struggle with the service users values or potentially the societal workers ain values. For the intent of this essay, moralss will be defined as professional duties and regulations of behavior ( Meacham, 2007 ) . Social work values will be defined as a scope of beliefs about what is regarded as worthy or valuable in a societal work context ( BASW, 2012 p17 ) . This essay focuses on two countries of the personalisation agenda that can do challenges for societal workers ; adjustment and personal budgets. The mark service user group for the intents of this essay is people with disablemen ts. Using the definition stated in the Equality Act, ( 2010 ) A individual is considered handicapped if they have a physical or mental damage that has a substantial and long-term negative consequence on their ability to make normal day-to-day activities . Legislation and demands to back up grownups with disablements is increasing for the over 11 million people with a restricting long term unwellness, damage or disablement in Great Britain ( office for disablement issues, 2012 ) . However, handicapped people report assorted feelings and reactions to the statute laws and regulations put in topographic point sing their attention and allowances ( Dalley, 1991 ) . The societal philosophical attacks to societal work will be used to cover with the challenges and struggles societal workers face. This essay touches upon Kant s deontology ; Bentham s and Mills utilitarianism and Biestek s 7 rules attack. We will write a custom essay sample on The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Immanuel Kant ( 1785 ) developed the theory of deontology. This means that societal workers need to be advancing good actions and the right motivation, nevertheless the effect is non of import and the thought of an acceptable motivation is capable to opinion ( Adapted by Hartsell, 2006 ; Banks, 2001 ; Reiman, 2009 ; Meacham, 2008 ) . Subsequently, Kant introduced the thought of a categorical jussive mood ( CI ) . A CI maintains a individual s motivations for their actions and they hence should be acceptable as a cosmopolitan jurisprudence. A Therefore people should move on motivations that can be used by everyone in a moral society and lead to esteem for people ( Darwell, 2002 cited in Reiman, 2009 ) . From this it is seen that people should be treated as an terminal, for illustration a pick or desire, instead than a agency ( object ) to our ain terminals. He believed that everyone should be treated with respect regardless of their features or behavior ( Banks, 2001 ) . Kant negotiations about regard for the single individual and advancing self finding. Biestek ( 1961 ) produced 7 rules that over clip have become extremely influential to societal workers looking at values and moralss within their pattern. 5 chief rules have been used: Individualization ; Recognition that each service user has alone qualities, good and bad. Purposeful look of feeling ; Recognition that service users need to show their feelings ( particularly negative 1s ) freely. Credence ; The societal worker should be able to work with a service user without go throughing opinion and accepting Persons for who they are, including their strengths and their failings. Non judgemental attitude ; Social workers should be able to non go through opinion or assign guilt to the service user. It is about judging the service users behaviour User self finding ; the societal worker should be able to steer the service user, depending on their on their capacity, to hold freedom in doing their ain determinations and picks ( Adapted by Banks, 2001 ) . Utilitarianism focuses on a consequentialist attack as it focuses on the effects of the action, instead than the actions themselves. ( Scheffler, 1994 cited in Reiman, 2009 ) . Decisions should be made on the consequences and effects it could hold on society instead than on a personal and single footing, and to advance maximal good within society. The right action produces the greatest balance of good over evil the rule of public-service corporation. ( Banks, 2001 ) . Utilitarianism is based on a theory developed by Bentham and Mills who looked into two subdivisions of utilitarianism ; hedonic and ideal utilitarianism. Bentham explored hedonic utilitarianism, where good was matched with felicity. Mills explored the thought of ideal utilitarianism. This focused on good being about virtuousnesss, truth and cognition, non merely felicity. ( Banks, 2001 ) . The theory promotes the greatest good for the greatest figure of people. When doing a determination it is imperative that the effec t is considered. Therefore as a societal worker, it would be good to look at the effects of the extroverted action and measure what would be most good and least harmful to the service user. In the late 1980 s, the Government recognised that an betterment in entree to community services was required. The Government were committed to supplying more support for people with long term demands by helping and back uping persons to pull off their conditions and supplying services they require in the community instead than in long-stay infirmaries. ( Oliver, 1996 ) Morris ( 1993 ) conducted a survey that looked into handicapped persons who needed twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours services. He found that handicapped persons were get downing to experience a sense of hopelessness and weakness when seeking to entree statutory services. Historically, societal workers assessed and told service users what services they needed. Through the personalisation docket, and the debut of direct payments, service users told the societal worker their demands. For the first clip, the societal worker had to accept the service user s self-assessment and so utilize the appraisal to see if the hi ghlighted issues were eligible under Fair Access to Care ( 2003 ) statute law. Direct payments were introduced in 1997 and societal workers had to interpret service user needs into a pecuniary value to enable them to buy their ain service. The purpose was to give persons command over their attention and their lives. Direct payments evolved into personalised budgets and have further evolved into a more individualized budget / service program. The demand for alteration and equality of service proviso has been recognised as more positions are being voiced by people with disablements. In line with Beistek s theory, service users are utilizing purposeful look of feeling and self-government to enable the societal workers to cognize their wants and needs. This has resulted in alterations which could cut down the potency for struggle in the hereafter. A farther challenge is budgetary control. Service users frequently want services that are financially unavailable to them. Although moralss province that service users should be encouraged to hold self- finding, be treated as a whole and the societal worker should advance and supply information sing their attention ( BASW, 2012 ) , the service users pick can non ever be guaranteed. Utilitarianism would propose that this is because if service users ever received the services they wanted, the societal worker would non be advancing the greatest good for the greatest figure, alternatively would be taking a more Kantian attack of advancing moral good. These two philosophical attacks cause struggle within themselves. The Mental Capacity Act ( 2005 ) says a individual lacks capacity in relation to a affair if at the stuff clip he is unable to do a determination for himself in relation to the affair because of an damage of, or a perturbation in the operation of, the head or encephalon . ( s2 ) . This leads to challenges and struggles for societal workers. If the service user had capacity, there could be conflict over the manner they spend their budget which could take to the societal worker handling that single without regard. Following the BASW codification of moralss ( 2012 ) , it states that societal workers should esteem the right to self-government. Kant would back up this position as, by the societal worker back uping the person to run into their ain self-defined demands, the societal worker is advancing good actions that will in bend produce good results for the person. The societal worker demands to recognize that the person has human rights and freedom to voice their positions. Burton ( 1996 ) showed that there was a failure to recognize the unequal power dealingss between the societal worker in control of proviso of services and the service user who relies on the services. This therefore would sabotage Beistek s rules of self-government as, although the service user is voicing their sentiment, the societal worker is non listening and this could be seen as endangering the rules of personalisation and the codification of moralss that are imperative. The execution of The Mental Capacity Act needs to be reviewed to guarantee workers are following statute law and moralss. It should non be assumed person lacks capacity because they have a disablement. On the other manus, if the service user did nt hold capacity, it could do struggle between the societal worker and the paid carer and/or unpaid carers. If the service user lacks capacity, how would the societal worker or the carers be able to measure what was best for the person? A societal worker would hold to uphold and promote human self-respect and wellbeing every bit good as authorising the person. ( BASW, 2012 ) . These moralss and values are supported by Beistek s theory. Workers need to handle the service user with regard, be non -judgemental and accept the state of affairs the service user may be in. The societal worker hence would merely be able to move upon their appraisal which should include the carer s positions on what is best for the service user. Utilitarianism, an alternate statement, would reason what s the greatest good for the greatest figure? What would profit the service user more? The societal workers positions or the carer s positions? The results need to gua rantee that the maximal people are happy. The societal worker could make the maximal felicity and cut down struggle by utilizing authorization. The societal worker would esteem the demands and penchants of the service user, via the carers and household members every bit good as recognizing their ain biass to guarantee the correct services are offered. The Community Care Act ( 1990 ) promotes attention in the community and people remaining within their ain place, leting the person to utilize their personal budget and have carers to advance independency. There is grounds to propose for illustration, persons who have fractured a limb, menu better when they recuperate in their ain places. ( Pignolo, Keenan and Hebela, 2011 ) . Adjustment is a major concern for many service users ( Davis and Wainwright, 1996 ) . One facet that could do struggle is the pattern of puting immature people in immature disablement units, belongingss that are specifically designed for people with learning disablements. Although this could be seen as a solution for people to interact and hold support, there is a possible struggle as the person can non take where they want to populate and may populate a distance from family/friends. If placed in a intent built constitution, the persons are classed as being housed by the local authorization and hence do non acquire to take alternate locations ( Oliver, 1996 ) . The quandary for the societal worker is the demand to take the persons positions into history whilst equilibrating their demands and wants, peculiarly if the service user lacks the capacity to do the determination. It is improper for anyone to subscribe a occupancy understanding on behalf of an person who lacks capacity. A capacity appraisal needs to be undertaken to guarantee the service user understands how to keep that occupancy. In order to continue, an application needs to be made to The Court of Protection. This could take to conflict as the societal worker and lodging section demand to continue the jurisprudence, nevertheless many households feel they have the right to subscribe a occupancy for their handicapped household member and happen it hard to accept that this is non the instance. Harmonizing to BASW ( 2012 ) , the societal worker demands to develop professional relationships with the service user and the household, uphold the repute and values of the profession every bit good as recognizing diverseness and handling the person as a whole. Utilitarianism would urge looking at what benefits the whole household, instead than merely the service user. Challenges arise when the service user lacks capacity. Using the useful attack, it could be said that the service user should nt be given a occupancy as it does nt advance the greatest good for the greatest figure. This position is in struggle with BASW codifications of moralss. It could be seen as unethical pattern and lead to farther struggle. Beistek would back up the position of BASW in utilizing the specific value base that service users should be allowed to freely show their feelings, both positive and negative, and the societal worker should listen and do a determination in an accepting and non-judgemental manner. However, Kant would state that although the effect of non acquiring a pick in where the service user lives is a negative result, the purpose of puting them in a place, with other people to socialize is a good moral opinion that is entirely profiting the person. Another possible struggle could be older handicapped persons being forced into attention. The Sutherland Report ( 1999 ) claimed that older handicapped people were being forced into institutional attention excessively early due to the deficiency of alternate attention at place. Sixsmith and Sixsmith ( 2008 ) provided grounds that by 2008 there had been a displacement in attention proviso and that the Personalisation Agenda meant that people were staying in their place for longer and having appropriate services. However there is a farther potency for struggle when suiting people, with disablements, to remain in their places. Persons may desire to turn old at place but is this possible for people with significantly reduced mobility? Many places are unaccessible to wheelchair users and those with important mobility damages ( Burns, 2004 ) . There is a Government strategy whereby handicapped people can use for a handicapped installation grant to hold their places adapted, and certain per sons have to re-pay the Government, therefore the Government is non financing expensive attention bundles. The function of the societal worker would be to negociate, support and authorise the service user to hold their demands met in the most appropriate, coveted manner. Harmonizing to Kant s theory, holding a loan is the moral good as people will be able to stay at place for longer, advancing felicity and community attention. This would be supported by the values of BASW which states societal workers need to handle the service user as a whole and respect their right to self-government. In contrast to Kant s theory, Utilitarianism would see weighing up the effects of taking the service user from their house and into an altered and safe environment. I.e. a attention place could be seen as an easier option for handicapped people to have attention. This position could do struggle because the societal worker is traveling against the wants and desires of the service user. Utilitarianism looks at the best result for society instead than on an single degree. Therefore, by traveling persons out of the house into the attention place may supply maximal felicity for society, although it disregards the person s positions and sentiments. This is a unfavorable judgment of the theoretical account as many service users could potentially non hold their demands met in a mode that is acceptable to them due to the focal point being on the benefit to society. This could be peculiarly true e.g. for people with English as a 2nd linguistic communication or who follow a spiritual religion. However, Beistek would hold with Kant in advancing self-government. A cardinal subject running throughout this essay is respect for the single individual as a ego finding being. Both Kant and Beistek promote this and hence look to be the societal philosophical theoretical accounts best tailored towards societal work values and moralss. There are clear struggles between traditional societal work and the personalisation docket for people with disablements. These struggles have been reduced with the debut of HCPC moralss. If the societal worker systematically uses these theories whilst working with struggle and disputing service users so the BASW moralss will be maintained and the service users will have the best appropriate service available within Fair entree to care standards.

Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Katydids, Order Orthoptera

Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Katydids, Order Orthoptera If youve walked through the grass on a warm summer day, youve likely encountered members of the order Orthopterathe grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids. Orthoptera means straight wings, but these insects would be better named for their characteristic jumping legs. Description Crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids undergo incomplete or gradual metamorphosis. Nymphs look similar to mature adults but lack fully-developed wings. Powerful hind legs, built for jumping, characterize the Orthopteran insects. The muscular legs propel grasshoppers and other members of the order for distances up to 20 times their body lengths. Insects in the order Orthoptera are known for more than their jumping skills, however. Many are accomplished singers as well. Males of some species attract mates by producing sounds with their legs or wings. This form of sound production is called stridulation and involves rubbing the upper and lower wings or the hind leg and wing together to create a vibration. When males call for mates using sounds, those species must also have ears. Dont look at the head to find them, however. Grasshoppers have auditory organs on the abdomen, while crickets and katydids listen using their front legs. Orthopterans are usually described as herbivores, but in truth, many species will scavenge other dead insects in addition to feeding on plants. The order Orthoptera is subdivided into two groupsEnsifera, the long-horned insects (with long antennae), and Caelifera, the short-horned insects. Habitat and Distribution Members of the order Orthoptera exist in terrestrial habitats throughout the world. Though often associated with fields and meadows, there are Orthopteran species that prefer caves, deserts, bogs, and seashores. Worldwide, scientists have described over 20,000 species in this group. Major Families in the Order Gryllidae - true or field cricketsAcrididae - short-horned grasshoppersTetrigidae - grouse locusts or pygmy grasshoppersGryllotalpidae - mole cricketsTettigoniidae - long-horned grasshoppers and katydids Orthopterans of Interest Oecanthus fultoni, the snowy tree cricket, chirps the temperature. Count the number of chirps in 15 seconds and add 40 to get the temperature in Fahrenheit.Ant crickets of the subfamily Myrmecophilidae live within ant nests and are wingless.Large lubber grasshoppers (family Romaleidae) raise their hindwings when threatened and produce a foul-smelling liquid from pores in the thorax.The Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex) are so named for a legend. In 1848, the first crops of Mormon settlers were threatened by a swarm of these voracious eaters, only to be eaten by a flock of gulls themselves. Sources: Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, Eric R. Eaton, and Kenn KaufmanOrthoptera - Dept. of Entomology, North Carolina State University

Beloved on Slavery

This is true because most of the major events in the story relate to some type of slavery. The slavery that drives the novel does not have to be strictly physical slavery. Morrison†s characters are slaves physically and mentally. Although they are former slaves, they are forever trapped by horrible memories. The type of slavery the novel initially depicts does not correspond to what really happened to slaves in the 1800s. At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr. Garner is proud of his slaves and treats them like men, not animals. . . . they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". . . my niggers is men every one of em. Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one. â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns Sweet Home into a real slave plantation. He treats and refers to the slaves as animals. He is responsible for the horrible memories embedded in Sethe and Paul D. Sethe feels the impact of slavery to its fullest extent. Slavery pushes her to kill her baby daughter. She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave catchers will do anything to bring back fugitive slaves and that dead slaves are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him. I took and put my babies where they†d be safe. † Paul D asks, â€Å"How? Your boys gone you don†t know where. One girl dead, the other won†t leave the yard. How did it work? â€Å"They ain†t at Sweet Home. Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only affect Sethe, but it changes things for Beloved and Denver as well. Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery. As for Denver, she is indirectly affected by the horrors of slavery. She has to put up with living in a haunted house because her mother refuses to run away again. On page 15 Sethe says, â€Å"I got a tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the daughter I am holding in my arms. No more running — from nothing. I will never run from another thing on this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved. When once or twice Sethe tried to assert herself — be the unquestioned mother whose word was law and who knew what was best — Beloved slammed things, wiped the table clean of plates, threw salt on the floor, broke a windowpane. †¦ Nobody said, You raise your hand to me and I will knock you into the middle of next week. †¦ No, no. They mended the plates, swept the salt, and little by little it dawned on Denver that if Sethe didn†t wake up one morning and pick up a knife, Beloved might. 2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish long term relationships because he is still hurting from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. Schoolteacher also takes his pride and manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit. Paul D compares himself to a chicken. On page 72 he says, â€Å"But wasn†t no way I†d ever be Paul D again, living or dead. Schoolteacherchanged me. I was something else and that something else was less than a chicken sitting in the sun on a tub. † As a member of the chain gang he suffers another type of slavery because he is both a prisoner and a sexual servant. Even after he escapes and is a free man, Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again. In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another. † This applies to each and every one of her characters. Sethe will always be haunted by the memory of killing her own flesh and blood. It will be a long time until Paul D is ready to turn his tin box back into a red heart. While Denver finally ventures out of 124, she is not going to forget being shunned by the community and being held captive by her own house. As for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak. Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, she needs to accept what has happened and move on. Beloved is about a group of people and how they deal with life†s hardships. Many issues in the story deal with control. There is a constant struggle for power throughout the novel. Each character fights to free him/herself from something or someone. The major theme in the story is freedom and how to acquire it. The critics are correct in saying that the novel is primarily about slavery, but they should mention that slavery means more than just being an indentured servant. Beloved on Slavery This is true because most of the major events in the story relate to some type of slavery. The slavery that drives the novel does not have to be strictly physical slavery. Morrison†s characters are slaves physically and mentally. Although they are former slaves, they are forever trapped by horrible memories. The type of slavery the novel initially depicts does not correspond to what really happened to slaves in the 1800s. At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr. Garner is proud of his slaves and treats them like men, not animals. . . . they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". . . my niggers is men every one of em. Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one. â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns Sweet Home into a real slave plantation. He treats and refers to the slaves as animals. He is responsible for the horrible memories embedded in Sethe and Paul D. Sethe feels the impact of slavery to its fullest extent. Slavery pushes her to kill her baby daughter. She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave catchers will do anything to bring back fugitive slaves and that dead slaves are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him. I took and put my babies where they†d be safe. † Paul D asks, â€Å"How? Your boys gone you don†t know where. One girl dead, the other won†t leave the yard. How did it work? â€Å"They ain†t at Sweet Home. Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only affect Sethe, but it changes things for Beloved and Denver as well. Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery. As for Denver, she is indirectly affected by the horrors of slavery. She has to put up with living in a haunted house because her mother refuses to run away again. On page 15 Sethe says, â€Å"I got a tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the daughter I am holding in my arms. No more running — from nothing. I will never run from another thing on this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved. When once or twice Sethe tried to assert herself — be the unquestioned mother whose word was law and who knew what was best — Beloved slammed things, wiped the table clean of plates, threw salt on the floor, broke a windowpane. †¦ Nobody said, You raise your hand to me and I will knock you into the middle of next week. †¦ No, no. They mended the plates, swept the salt, and little by little it dawned on Denver that if Sethe didn†t wake up one morning and pick up a knife, Beloved might. 2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish long term relationships because he is still hurting from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. Schoolteacher also takes his pride and manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit. Paul D compares himself to a chicken. On page 72 he says, â€Å"But wasn†t no way I†d ever be Paul D again, living or dead. Schoolteacherchanged me. I was something else and that something else was less than a chicken sitting in the sun on a tub. † As a member of the chain gang he suffers another type of slavery because he is both a prisoner and a sexual servant. Even after he escapes and is a free man, Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again. In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another. † This applies to each and every one of her characters. Sethe will always be haunted by the memory of killing her own flesh and blood. It will be a long time until Paul D is ready to turn his tin box back into a red heart. While Denver finally ventures out of 124, she is not going to forget being shunned by the community and being held captive by her own house. As for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak. Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, she needs to accept what has happened and move on. Beloved is about a group of people and how they deal with life†s hardships. Many issues in the story deal with control. There is a constant struggle for power throughout the novel. Each character fights to free him/herself from something or someone. The major theme in the story is freedom and how to acquire it. The critics are correct in saying that the novel is primarily about slavery, but they should mention that slavery means more than just being an indentured servant.

Modern women in modern songs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern women in modern songs - Essay Example As it is, the song invites men to become insensitive to women and it gives men the right to treat women badly under the premise that women are liars and that they cannot be trusted. To give us a clear picture of the way the artist sees women, let us take a look at the lyrics of the song, the tempo of the music, the style, the phrasing and the tone. II. The Anatomy of the Song The song â€Å"Superman† is divided into three parts, namely the intro, the verses and the choruses. To put the song in context, the singer tells the listener about his experience with women and how his experience shaped his opinion about the female population. Although the singer did not really expound on what sad or bad experience he had with women, from the tone of his song, one can clearly see that this person does not trust the female specie and that he does not want to be in a serious relationship with any of them. The song starts with a woman’s voice moaning in the background and Eminem rapp ing in multisyllabic rhymes. Eminem rap along the beat of the drum as he delivers his lines in a rhythmic pattern. The voice of the woman moaning gives the intro of the song a sexual context which picture women as creatures who are meant to sexually satisfy the male. This personification of the female is rather disturbing as females are complex creatures and although they may have a sexual side to them, this sexual side does not define them as persons. Note that as complex creatures, women are capable of a lot of things and to box them in as sexually charged creatures moaning with pleasure is demeaning. The rhythm of the background music does not change much as the song graduate from the introduction and move into Chorus A. The voice of the singer goes with the beat of the drum as we move from the intro of the song to Chorus A and the woman moaning in the background fades away. In Chorus A, he describes how he might love the girl and how the girl might love him too so he comes to re scue the girl like superman does. If we take a closer look at the message of Chorus A, the singer implied that women cannot protect themselves and that they need men to save them. The song shows an even more blatant disregard of women’s potentials and capacities while trying to project men as the superior specie. Stereotyping women as â€Å"weak† creatures is not only grossly unfair, it is also demeaning especially when most women are actually more than capable of taking care of themselves. Verse 1 of the song pictures a woman as somebody who wants to trap the man in marriage. In an effort to get away from the grasp of the woman, the man tries to demean the woman by calling her a â€Å"slut† and saying â€Å"I would never let another chick bring me down.† The first few lines of Verse 1 are rather telling about the mental state of the man especially when he said â€Å"save it bitch, babysit†. Aside from fearing commitment, the singer seem to send a message to the listener that he sees women as homemakers who are only fit to do household chores and babysit. Asking a woman to babysit is not so bad but when you put babysitting in the wrong context, it can become quite offensive to the female sensibilities. Note that parenting should be a shared responsibility so both men and women have the duty to take care of the kids. Verse 1 of the

Personal reflective journal examining key positive psychological Essay

Personal reflective journal examining key positive psychological constructs - Essay Example Everyone wants to have the freedom to do the things they want to do, this is because everyone abides in the principle of pursuit of happiness. In happiness, humans find glory, peace and freedom. What does it need to be happy? Does a person need to be rich? Strong? Influential? I believe it is more than that. There are those who have everything in life, yet they are not happy. And there are those who could not eat three times a day but are pretty satisfied with their lives. Take for example the people in Middle East, they are being threatened by wars every day. Death, starvation and fear are common elements of their day to day lives, but they could still manage to dream of a bright future for them and for their families (Burke, 1993). Whenever I hear success stories of people from Middle East in television, I realize that life’s problems could be overcome by aspiration and willingness to succeed. It’s Tuesday already, prior to my critical point of realization: I was less of an ordinary person. There was nothing exciting in my life. I worked to eat, I ate to live and I lived because I had to. While it is true that humans mature as they grow, I thought that I was just going to stay psychologically and socially stunted for the rest of my life. I always wonder why soldiers sent to the most dangerous parts of the world still manage to laugh, play cards and drinks with their friends while on battle. Perhaps this is one of the tangible proofs that life is about psychological mindset and perception towards the world (Harris, 1992, p.185). I write for a major newspaper in one of the most progressive cities in the world. My editor once said that I was one of the best writers she ever met, and that I would be a very successful author someday. I really could not tell whether she was lying or not. Well, I don’t have the capability to tell other people’s emotions, feelings and sentiments. I do not have that much friends. While my readers keep on

Form and Structure of Abigails Party Emily Huntley Essay Example for Free

Form and Structure of Abigails Party Emily Huntley Essay Mike Leighs Abigails Party was primarily shown on television and wasnt initially meant for the stage, until it was realised how successful it was. The plot is based around a mirror of two partys, one involving 5 adults all living in the same estate but of very contrasting backgrounds and classes which Mike Leigh also depicts, and the other of the sixteen year old daughter of Sue, whos organised a typical teenage rave. The essence of the play is that generally speaking the younger generations should be observed at parties but in Mike Leighs example the irony is that the adults seem just as drunk and obscene as what is imagined next door. This is where the comedy arises and is developed throughout the play as the adults keep a close eye on the teenagers but there is no one to observe the adults. Mike Leigh has also drawn the attention of the audience by focusing on class by contrasting the classes of the characters, Beverly and Lawrence who are aspiring for true middle class, a poor newly married couple and a middle class divorcee. This situation in itself is controversial due to Sue not being nearly as wealthy as Beverly and Lawrence but being by far the most cultured of the group. Another example of this would be shown in Ang, her occupation as a nurse can actually be called a well known and accepted profession, although she has little money and isnt well cultured or travelled, as an outsider you can see the intelligence that Mike Leigh has tried to depict over the other characters. The play is composed of two acts, both of which surprisingly end with the focus on Sue, the most timid character. I think this was purposeful on Leighs behalf as although she seems to be a pretty insignificant character she holds a lot of unknown power over the people in her company. Especially Lawrence who realises her class is above his and he aspires to be like her by seeking her approval. As the play develops so does the amount of alcohol consumed and the tension between the two married couples. Especially from Beverly and Lawrences points of view as they start verbally abusing each other in the presence of their guests, which I believe would not occur otherwise as Ang, Tony and Sue would realise their true characters. Therefore I could also state that the play is structured around class, parties and also alcohol. Everything in the play including props, lighting and sound effects is ultra realistic. The set includes real food and drink with a working record player and lamps, which provide the naturalistic lighting throughout the whole play, and the constant thumping from next door really makes the situation believable. To enhance the realism, Mike Leigh also wrote the play in real time, this means that the duration of the play is natural over the period of an evening, with no days or hours skipped. Another tool used by Mike Leigh to develop true realism is the use of colloquial dialect. There is no stylised or poetic language and also no imagery used. It is written so the audience can easily place themselves in the characters positions. Discussing the structure of the play is hard considering the definitions of A Well Made Play 1.) Exposition (introduction of characters and situations) 2.) Conflict (a huge problem is bought to the surface) 3.) Complications (the problem develops) 4.) Climax (the most dramatic, and tension filled part of the play) 5.) Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nouement (the resolution) The exposition occurs between pages 1 and 13 when the characters are introduced to each other and also the audience. This is the period when the audience makes their own assumptions of the characters, and they can recognise different relationships and tensions. This is when we also realise about Lawrences hectic lifestyle and frequent suffering of heartburn so that his heart attack doesnt come as a complete shock and the audience understand and sympathise more. The conflict is primarily to do with Beverly and Lawrences relationship and the strain that it is clearly under. But we also see the stress between Angela and Tony periodically. The complication is when the tension builds as more and more alcohol is consumed predominantly between Lawrence and Beverly. The climax is clearly Lawrences heart attack, which is the outcome, of a stressful job, a nagging wife, being polite to unwelcome guests the consumption of alcohol and the constant thumping of the party next door. This is when the focus and drive of the play changes completely from the future life these characters have built themselves to the present situation. Lastly the dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nouement. In Abigails Party there doesnt seem to be a definite resolution, the play is left on a cliff hanger as the audience is left in the dark as to whether the conflicts have been resolved and if not the final outcome of the situation. Abigails Party is referred to as a comedy, but of various types, it contains a slight element of black comedy in the fact that Lawrence has a heart attack. But throughout the play, Leigh develops another form of comedy, not through one-liners, but due to the characters dialogue and movement etc. For example, Tonys monosyllabic answers, Angelas lack of social etiquette, Sues shyness and total dislike of the situation, Lawrences frequent cultural references even though everyone can see he is uneducated in Shakespeare and Beethoven and is simply attempting and failing to reach a higher social class (nouveaux riches). And Beverlys clear lack of self-control concerning Tony and insulting Angelas lipstick. Abigails Party is essentially written as a comedy, until the end, which presents more opportunities, and shows a more tragic and retrospective feel. This play is unique in that it is completely down to the director as to how they depict it as it can be of two extremes tragic or comic, excluding Lawrences death, which is clearly comic with the reference to Angs cramp etc. In the production I saw, it was comic and I thought this worked well but having considered it to be a tragic play I think this could be just as effective.

Adult Illiteracy :: Adult Illiteracy Essays

"Learning to read is like learning to drive a car. You take lessons and learn the mechanics and the rules of the road. After a few weeks you have learned how to drive, how to stop, how to shift gears, how to park, and how to signal. You have also learned to stop at a red light and understand road signs. When you are ready, you take a road test, and if you pass, you can drive. Phonics-first works the same way. The child learns the mechanics of reading, and when he's through, he can read. Look and say works differently. The child is taught to read before he has learned the mechanics — the sounds of the letters. It is like learning to drive by starting your car and driving ahead. . .And the mechanics of driving? You would pick those up as you go along." —Rudolf Flesch, "Why Johnny Still Can't Read," 1981 Illiteracy in America is still growing at an alarming rate and that fact has not changed much since Rudolf Flesch wrote his best-selling expose of reading instruction in 1955. Illiteracy continues to be a critical problem, demanding enormous resources from local, state, and federal taxes, while arguments about how to teach children to read continue to rage within the education research community, on Capitol Hill, in business, and in the classroom. The International Reading Association estimates that more than one thousand research papers are prepared each year on the subject of literacy, and that is very likely a low figure. For the past 50 years, America's classrooms have been used by psychologists, sociologists, educationists, and politicians as a giant laboratory for unproven, untried theories of learning, resulting in a near collapse of public education. It is time we begin to move away from "what's new" and move toward "what works." The grim statistics According to the National Adult Literacy Survey, 42 million adult Americans can't read; 50 million can recognize so few printed words they are limited to a 4th or 5th grade reading level; one out of every four teenagers drops out of high school, and of those who graduate, one out of every four has the equivalent or less of an eighth grade education. According to current estimates, the number of functionally illiterate adults is increasing by approximately two and one quarter million persons each year. This number includes nearly 1 million young people who drop out of school before graduation, 400,000 legal immigrants, 100,000 refugees, and 800,000 illegal

American Pie. Coercive Sexuality

Coercive Sexuality By Diep Chu FS 337 March 2013 Coercive Sexuality Coercive sexuality is an important factor in American Pie movie. In this movie, audiences can see different pictures of teenagers trying to experiences sexual intercourse for the first time in their lives (Zide, Perry, and Weitz, 1999). And the more aggressive they are, people can see coercive sexuality involved in different scenes. Coercive sexual behavior among students has been an area of concern to society.At the time when human sexuality topic becomes so popular in teenagers’ world, those students in the movies let people understand more about their points of views about sexuality. The question that I want to address in this paper is: Do we as a society treat some coercive sexuality as acceptable, or even desirable? In what way do the attitudes towards these mirrors the attitudes of our society in general? It would shocked some people how teens think about sex so openly and wrongfully, which against many basic human morality. Do we as a society treat some coercive sexuality as acceptable, or even desirable?We as a society don’t treat coercive sexuality as acceptable. We live in a society in which individuals form intimate relationships and shape their roles within authentic needs and desires rather than as a result of pressures to conform to any model. In this society, people are educated and empowered to make sexual decisions based on the safety, consent, and desire of all parties involved rather than based on an externally imposed morality. As youths in the movie do not have prepared much knowledge with technique in relationships, they had some sexual actions to force the girls have sex with them. Zide, Perry, and Weitz, 1999). In return, the girls reject it. When Oz asks the college girl: â€Å"Suck me, beautiful†, she was laughing and told him the he had to pay attention to pay attention to the girl and be sensitive to her feeling. Kevin’s first motivation i s to get laid with his girlfriend, Vicky. She refuses him few times until she feels totally ready. Jim did not aware that he broadcast Natalie’s sexual image to whole school. But on her side, she sure will not be happy to have him do that without her consent (Zide, Perry, and Weitz, 1999).In what way do the attitudes towards these mirrors the attitudes of our society in general? For many years society tried to control sexual behavior in youth by citing the traditional negative consequences of sexual experiences and community disapproval. Television, being the highly influential, has been both part of the solution and part of the problem in the area of sex and youth. At the beginning, Jim was watching porn and his parents notice it (Zide, Perry, and Weitz, 1999). This would happen to many families in our society today when kids are in puberty. Those entertainments affect teen’s sexual behavior heavily.They will copy those disapproval contents in it. At almost the end of the movie, those youth figured out they want to experience sex only because of peer pressure. They finally understand sex had no meaning without love or the girls’ willingness (Zide, Perry, and Weitz, 1999). Public education has had some major problems in this area and few schools have any real programs in sex education. Many parents do not want their children to learn about sex early. But the more they avoid it, the more kids want to learn about it. This movie indicates good pictures of how teens nowadays think about sex.The sexual values are much different in them nowadays. Male youths try to have the girls get laid with them just to show off with friends. Those aggressive attitudes sometime lead to unwanted sexual situations with their girlfriends. And society will determine it as coercive sexuality. These raise high concern to society today. In fact, schools should teach them more about human relationship and right technique in sexuality. References Zide, W. and Perry, C . (Producer), & Weitz, P. (Director). (1999). American Pie (Universal Picture). United States.

Poets and Pancakes Essay

Gemini Studios Gemini Studios was one of India’s pioneer movie factories. Situated in the present day Chennai, owned by S.S Vaasan and worked by over 600 staff, the GS made movies for Tamilnadu and other southern Indian states. Pancake[TM] was the makeup material used by the GS. Asokamitran Asokamitran was one of the staff whose job was to collect information such as news events from newspapers and magazines and to paste them in files. The other staff considered his job out of place and most of them thought so high of themselves. Here are some of the interesting staffs of GS. Office Boy Office Boy was a grown up man in the Makeup Department of the GS. He was in charge of the crowd makeup. He applied pancake on their faces with the help of a dipped paint brush. Though his job was quite an easy one, the office boy considered him to be a greatly skilled artist. Subbu Kothamangalam Subbu was another clerk. He was not as educated, as fortunate and as supported by as the Office Boy, yet he reached the top of the GS. He was a man of amazing genius. He was able to direct the directors. He suggested dozens of ways to shoot a certain scene when the director failed to find one. He acted better than the heroes. He wrote incredible poems. Though he was able to write more complicated ones that could raise him to the status of a great poet, Subbu preferred writing them in simple Tamil to enlighten the majority of Tamil people. Besides, he supported his far and near relatives. But he had only enemies everywhere because he was very much close to the boss, Vaasan. Legal Advisor The legal advisor worked in the Story Department. He was a lawyer and provided legal advices to the writers yet he was known as the illegal advisor. The following incident is one reason that gave him that name. Once a shooting was under progress. The heroine, a highly emotional girl, got  angry with the director and producer. While the whole set stood stunned at this, the legal advisor recorded her voice without her permission and made her listen to the playback, thus resulting the end of a rising actress. Poets and writers Gemini Studios had some great poets like Harindranath Chatopadhyaya and a few others. Most of the insignificant poets considered so great of themselves. They had no great talent, no great creativity, no political views yet they assumed the airs of the greatest poets, wasting Vaasan’s money and time. They believed Gandhiji to be the last word of politics and had developed an aversion to Communism. Communism and anti-communism Communism was a new political order that was spreading throughout the world, especially in Asian countries. Communism preached equality of people and abolition of poverty and class divisions while it discouraged private ownership. But Communism won a negative impression due the Capitalist countries such as America. MRA MRA or Moral Rearmament Army was an international team of actors and actresses that spread anti communist feelings throughout the world. The MRA came to Chennai and saw how influential was Gemini Studios in the south of India. The team got permission from Vaasan to stage their plays. Vaasan was only happy to give them permission because he hoped that his staff would get inspiration from the international team. But little did Vaasan know of their intentions. MRA staged their plays with hidden anticommunist messages and went away and it was yet after some time that Vaasan realized that he had been fooled. Stephen Spender Why should Vaasan be fooled if an organization spread anti communist messages in Chennai? It appears that Vaasan himself was a Communist! Or, he too had an experience of a disillusioned abandoning of Communism. The author has not given us a hint about this and therefore we have to different opinions: Crisis Vasan as a Communist: If so, Vasan felt terribly bad for being played into the hands of the MRA that left a deep anticommunist impression upon his staff. He therefore decided to bring back the Communist atmosphere in his studio and for this he invited a communist poet to deliver a speech on how great Communism was. Vasan as an anticommunist: If SS Vasan was an anticommunist, he was the one who invited the MRA to the Gemini Studios. Later, when he saw that MRA had successfully spread anticommunism among his staff, he wanted to strengthen the new notions in them by inviting another anticommunist and therefore he invited Spender. Spender’s Speech Anyway, Stephen Spender, who was once a prominent communist editor and poet from England, came to the studio and gave his speech. His lecture was about Communism on one side and about his struggles to establish as a poet on the other. Whatever he spoke was great, hot, exciting and inspiring, but what use, his accent was such terrible one that none of the Gemini staff could clearly understand what Spender had spoken. They fell into shame for not being able to understand the poet and wished not to meet him again. Asokamitran’s meeting Spender-1 The lesson ends with two incidents in which Asokamitran, our author, met Spender; not face to face, but in two different ways. While attempting to send his short story to England to participate in a contest, Asokamitran happened to read The Encounter, a magazine that had Stephen Soender as its editor. On another occasion he happened to read the book, the God that Failed, an article of which was written by Spender. Questions & Answers How was Gemini Studios connected to Robert Clive? The connection the GS had with Robert Clive was that its Make-up Department  was built on the upstairs of Clive’s stables. What was the fiery misery inside the make-up department of the Studios? The makeup room had a lot of hot bulbs always burning inside and a number of mirrors to reflect the heat. Madras, being a hot city and no cooling at that time at the studio, it was a real misery inside the makeup room. All this shows that there was a great deal of national integration long before A.I.R. and Doordarshan began broadcasting programs on national integration. Explain. The heads and the subordinates of the make-up department were from various parts of India. There was no preference to any state or language or religion. Anyone could be the head. Once there was a Bengali as the head of this department. He was succeeded by a Maharashtrian who was assisted by a Dharwar Kannadiga, an Andhra, a Madras Indian Christian, an Anglo-Burmese and the local Tamils. Who was the office boy? What was his duty in the make-up department? How did he appreciate himself and his profession? The office boy was a forty year old man who worked at the lowest rank among the makeup artists at the Gemini Studios. His duty was to apply makeup for the crowd-players for shooting. As his work required no skill and that he was not satisfied with his designation and the kind of work, the ‘Boy’ remained unsatisfied and criticized everyone he was jealous. How was the author’s job odd in the eyes of the other staff? How did they respond to this? Asokamitran’s job at the Gemini Studios was to collect information from newspapers and magazines and to paste the cuttings in files for reference. This was probably the only work odd in the Gemini Studios while every other staff was some sort of an artist. They therefore advised the author to do some better jobs other than wasting his time cutting papers in a department similar to a barber shop. Why did the author pray for crowd shooting? Like many of the other staff who believed that Asokamitran was doing next to nothing in the Gemini Studios the Office Boy too used to advise him for hours. When the author was tired of his unending epics, he used to pray for a crowd shooting to which the Office Boy assigned. Who was Kothamangalam Subbu? How did he make all the other staff hate him? Kothamangalam Subbu joined the Gemini Studios as a clerk and remained the same in the records. But in practice he soon acquired the status of the No.2 at the studios thanks to his amazing genius and multifaceted skills. He did any work for  his boss and ignored the rest above him. This made him envied and hated by the rest of the staff. Discuss Subbu’s identity as a poet. Why was he not known as a poet? Apart from being an amazing director of movies, Subbu had the identity as a poet. The world of his time and later never recognized Subbu as a poet yet he was a great unknown poet. He wrote poem in the simplest Tamil language and was able to recreate the classical poems in his own style. Subbu excelled as an actor too. Discuss. Subbu was a good actor. He was able to act better than the lead actors yet never wished to take any lead roles in any movie. In spite of all the good qualities and readiness to be a host any time, Subbu had only enemies. Why? Subbu was good to everyone he came by, spoke in his niceness, fed his relatives, excelled everyone in the Gemini Studios but was hated by most of them just because he was so close to the boss of the studios. Being a clerk in the attendance register he was above all and above all the departments. Those who bore designations above Subbu felt it intolerable to obey him. How did the legal advisor behave illegally in the instance of the actress. The legal advisor was, of course, an advocate, yet was known as an illegal advisor. Once he recorded the voice of an actress who shouted at the producer and director while in the shooting sets. The legal advisor’s behavior turned out to be illegal because he did it without the actress’ permission. In what context did Congress rule mean Prohibition and how was it for the staff of Gemini Studios meeting over a cup of coffee a rather satisfying entertainment? Congress being the ruling party, made the public’s life horrible by imposing curfew and emergency in the initial years of Independent India. Citizens were not allowed to gather and hold meetings. While the whole of the nations struggled under emergencies, the six hundred Gemini staff enjoyed freedom inside the studios as their freedom was not restricted. How did Subbu surpass the office boy despite his limitations? The office boy in the makeup department was always ahead of Subbu in the beginning, especially in education, having influential people to support. But he ended up where he began while Subbu ascended the steps to the maximum height and surpassed the Boy. The staff of the Gemini Studios attributed Subbu’s success to his being a Brahmin. Why? Most of the staff of the Gemini studios was unhappy with Subbu. His amazing influence on the Boss and the  consequent privileges he enjoyed made them feel jealous of him. So, instead of accepting his talents, they consoled themselves by attributing his fortunes to be a Brahmin. What is Communism? What ideas about the communism gathered popularity in India? Communism is a political order that believes in the equality of citizens and abolition of private ownership. The state or nation is the owner and caretaker of each citizen. Citizen’s welfare is nation’s prime concern. It sometimes resorts to armed revolution to establish social and political equality. What was MRA? Why did it tour the world? MRA, short for Moral Rearmament Army was an anti-Communist organization that toured the world informing the world of the evil side of Communism that was spreading throughout Asia and some parts of Europe. Headed by Frank Buchman, the MRA believed that Communism was evil and it would wipe out democracy in the world. How did the MRA spread its anti Communist ideas in South India? Moral Rearmament Army believed that Communism was evil and therefore wanted to wipe it out of the world. This group of 200 men and women from twenty different nations spread anti communist messages with the help of their stage performances such as dramas. How was Vasan played into the hands of the MRA? There is no clear indication that Vasan, the owner of the Gemini Studios, was a Communist or not yet there are very clear hints that he was a prominent Communist of Chennai. The MRA spread its anti-Communist messages through their stage programs and made the poets and writers of the South India hate Communism which was a great achievement. Vasan, who knew nothing of their intentions, was indeed fooled by MRA at his cost. Why was Stephen Spender invited to the Gemini Studios? Who wanted him there? Stephen Spender was a great poet with Communist inclinations. SS Vasan, the owner of the Gemini Studios, wanted Spender give a speech on the greatness of Communism to his staff. Spender’s Speech was a shock for him and a matter of utter shame for the literati of the Gemini Studios. Explain. Stephen Spender was specially invited to the Gemini Studios to enlighten the staff there with communist ideas. When Spender began his speech he was amazed to see the way he was being listened to. But soon, when he realized that his audience didn’t  follow him the least due to his accent, Spender’s amazement turned to utter shock and embarrassment and he stopped his speech in the middle. How are poets and prose writers different according to Asokamitran? What personal experience makes him say that? Asokamitran says poems can be written by any genius while prose writing is the true pursuit of a really determined person who has suffered a lot of rejections and is ready for any further disappointments with more perseverance to pursue his mission of writing a long prose. Spender’s Speech was a shock for him and a matter of utter shame for the literati of the Gemini Studios? Stephen Spender was called to the Gemini Studios to talk to the staff there about Communism but what he spoke was of his struggles as a poet. Whatever he spoke, his talk was not followed by practically an yone. When Spender realized that his audience didn’t follow his talk, he stopped in utter shame to have made a talk to a deaf audience while the Gemini staff got dispersed in great humiliation because Spender’s accent failed them. How are poets and prose writers different according to Asokamitran? What personal experience makes him say that? Asokamitran believes in the qualitative difference between prose writers and poem writers. A poem can be written in no time if the poet is a genius while prose such as a novel can be written by a person who has a lot of patience and perseverance. The prose writer’s mind should be so shrunken that no rejection can disappoint him but he will be encouraged from failures and rejections. How did the magazine ‘The Encounter’ become important in Asokamitran’s life? The Encounter was a British Communist magazine. When Stephen Spender was its editor, this magazine organized a short story competition for writers from all over the world. How does the book, ‘The God That Failed’ deserve its title? OR Justify the title, ‘The God That Failed.’ The ‘God That Failed’ was written by six eminent writers who were attracted to Communism and abandoned it because they hated it later on. Communism was in its beginning, a God because it stood for equality and removal of class systems and poverty. While the Gods or incarnations before it achieved their goals, Communism failed in attaining its goals as it was a failure in itself. What made Asokamitran hope Stephen Spender too would be singing the same song at the same time when he sealed the envelop of his manuscript? Asokamitran had been struggling to establish as a writer when he came across the magazine, The Encounter. When he saw that the editor of The Encounter  was Stephen Spender, the same poet who came to Gemini Studios and talked about his struggles to become a poet, Asokamitran felt as if he had found a long lost brother. ‘In a moment I felt a dark chamber of my mind lit up by a hazy illumination.’ What was the dark chamber? What did light up the darkness? Due to Spender’s British accent the normally educated staff like could not understand his speech and therefore his speech remained an unsolved mystery for the staff including Asokamitran. This mystery was the dark chamber of his mind. When Asokamitran saw that Spender was the editor of The Encounter, he understood that Spender’s speech was all about stories and poems and suddenly he related this to his speech he made years ago the Gemini Studios. The Boss of the Gemini Studios may not have much to do with Spender’s poetry. But not with his god that failed.’ Explain. Stephen Spender was invited to the Gemini Studios to enlighten the staff with great ideals of Communism but what Spender spoke was about his thrills and struggles to establish himself as a poet. The bosses of the studio like S. S. Vasan were interested in Spender as a Communist, not as a poet. How did MRA impress the staff of Gemini Studios and the Tamil drama community? Taking a careful reading, one sees the tremendous struggle that Asokamitran underwent to surface as a writer par excellence. Discuss. For Asokamitran training himself as a writer was passion. He had a nickname, barber, when he was working at Gemini Studios because he did a lot of cutting newspaper clips and magazine as he was a news record keeper. Even though he was laughed at by the rest of the staff and was advised by some to seek a profession that fitted him, Asokamitran had a drudge that nothing could weaken – he was determined to rise in the world of people of his kind: writers. Among those members of the Gemini staff who was embarrassed and confused at Stephen Spender’s lost speech was there none as embarrassed and confused as Asokamitran. It was all because of his literary ambitions that he was able to know more about Spender and his literary traits and political views as well as the unknown communist inclinations of the boss of one of India’s foremost movie factories. Asokamitran’s language that we read in the extract, Poets and Pancakes, is amazing as an India author is concerned and there is no doubt that he acquired it as part of his quest for perfection as a writer. He quite poignantly narrates his participating in a short story contest organized by the Encounter for which he spent considerable time and money. On reading the name of the editor, Stephen Spender, he feels like getting his lost brother back.